Road kapangidwe: pamawu

Kulengedwa kwa msewu ndi imodzi mwa zinthu za m'dzikoli masiku ano, chifukwa anamangapo polumikizira akuimira mtsempha wamagazi, amene amayendera galimotolo katundu ndi mabasi ndi magalimoto. A dongosolo ano zoyendera - kuipidwa chamoyo, onse amene zinthu ndi inakula ndipo mwachindunji amadalira mzake. Kulengedwa kwa msewu pa nthawi ino makamaka anatsimikiza ndi maulalo alipo pakati pa midzi, madera zosangalatsa, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono mafakitale ndi malo ena ammudzi.

Moyo wa dziko masiku ano si kulingalira popanda bungwe ndi bwino ntchito limagwirira, zimene kuonetsetsa mayendedwe moyenera katundu kapena anthu. kamangidwe yoyenera pa msewu lero kwambiri komanso chifukwa chakuti pa nthawiyo mwamtheradi zosatheka ndinazolowera likuwonjezereka utuluke magalimoto ndi liwilo.

N'chifukwa chiyani icho?

Pogwira njirayi ayenera omwe ndi otetezeka, omasuka, m'bungwe ndi omasuka kwambiri kayendedwe ka magalimoto malinga ndi liwiro kamangidwe. Komanso woyenera Road kapangidwe limalola zinthu yunifolomu magalimoto, kumvera ndi mtima wonse ndi mfundo za lathu zithunzi madalaivala, omasuka ndi otetezedwa kwambiri pamalo a polumikizana osiyanasiyana mphambano. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi chofunika.

eni ambiri m'madera payekha kuganiza kwambiri za chifukwa chimene iwo ayenera kufufuza mapulani a misewu, chifukwa ndithu chabe kutsanulira njira kutsatira ndi kuika phula pa izo. Koma ngati munthu konse anakumana ndi ofanana ntchito, ndi bwino kuyamba osachepera chabe yodziwa mndandanda wonse wa ntchito, umene nawo, ndi kuona phindu la kumalo awo ndipo zotsatira zotheka.

Musanayambe kuyala njira anthu, mphambano, kapena msewu aliyense mzinda, choyamba muyenera kupeza chilolezo kuti agwire ntchito zimenezi, ndi zimene amafuna kufufuza ndi angagwiritse misewu. Wosaloleka zonse ntchito pamapeto pake n'chiyani adzatchedwa oimira apolisi apamsewu, amene kuyamba wachotsedwa akukwaniritsa ziyeneretso ndipo ngati posachedwapa, ndemanga zonse sati kwathunthu inathetsedwa, contiguity kapena msewu adzakhala kwathunthu inathetsedwa, ndipo adzapanga kuletsedwa kwa ntchito pamalowo . Pa nkhani imeneyi, izo ndi kubwezeretsa boma wapachiyambi, amene adzakhala ndikungowononga ndalama yaikulu ndalama, osanenapo chakuti ngati njira zinachititsa kuti malo mafakitale, mafuta, Cafe kapena zing'onozing'ono, kugwira ntchito zawo adzamva mipingo.

Kuposa izo nkukhalabe zingasokoneze?

Osati aliyense akumvetsa izo, malinga ndi SNIP, angagwiritse misewu - si monga kuika miyala, phula ndi unsembe wa zizindikiro msewu. M'kupita kwa njirayi ayenera kuganizira zonse zilipo ndipo ntchito kulankhulana, amene m'dera kumanga, chifukwa amaipidwa kwambiri, ngati mwangozi ogwira ntchito pa atagona wokhetsa misozi, madzi kapena CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe chingwe. Potsilizira pake, kukhazikitsa malipilo ndi zomvetsa kwa eni kulankhulana idzayankha makasitomala, ndipo mtengo wa ntchito izi ndi mkulu.

N'chifukwa chake kufunika kwathunthu kutsatira mfundo za SNIP mfundo. Road kapangidwe tiyenera kuwakhulupirira kokha kwa akatswiri, chifukwa pali zinthu zambiri zimene sindingathe chifukwa cha ngakhale omanga akatswiri. Akatswiri oyenerera kupereka miyezo aliyense kuti akhoza zofunika yaitali ntchito otetezedwa a msewu, ikuchitika structural kusanthula kwa msewu ndi kutenga mphamvu maziko pansi mitundu yonse ya katundu, komanso kupereka dongosolo ngalande kuteteza kukokololoka kwa roadbed, ndipo muiganizire khamu la mokoma ena .

mitundu

Kuyamba ndi kudziwa ndondomeko, kodi mitundu misewu, mfundo:

• Motorway - zoyendera msewu umene magalimoto kusuntha kudutsa njira yothandizira ndi mwayi umene amaperekedwa iliyonse makilomita asanu.
• Pamsewu - ndi osiyana yoyamba kuti pali pano ndi m'Chingelezi chosavuta kupeza mlingo wofanana makilomita atatu.
• Normal ntchito - zina zonse misewu kuti musalekane pa tanthauzo la m'mbuyomo awiri.

Malinga njira osankhidwa komanso kwambiri anasintha mbali popanga mapulani. Mu ndondomeko ya mapulani amaganizira zosiyanasiyana za mpumulo mtundu webs, zinthu nyengo, chomwe chili pafupi ndi msewu, ndi zoyerekeza moyo, kukula kwa magalimoto otaya ndi mphamvu makhalidwe.

mapulani

Chinthu choyamba kuti zichitidwe mu ndondomeko ya mapulano - izi momveka bwino njira. Magistral Mulimonsemo sayenera anagonjetsa m'madera ulimi, malo okhala m'mizinda, komanso wapadera malo achilengedwe ndi maofesi osiyanasiyana mafakitale. Mu namtindi wa milandu akatswiri pa mutakonzekera koyamba ikuchitika kuyambirira kafukufuku malo, zomwe kunapangitsa ndi chizindikiro mapu a maulendo onse zotheka. Kenako, kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za chizindikiritso cha ubwino onse ndi kuipa kwa njira iliyonse mwa njira anapereka.

Ndiye kusankha njira makamaka ndipo anapangidwa mozama wake kusanthula pamaso izichitikira kupyolera kapangidwe Dinani misewu. Komanso ikuchitika chilengedwe zithunzi kamangidwe, koma eni dziko ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, amene balala magalimoto zodutsa, adzakhala nako ufulu wonena maganizo ndi ndemanga zawo. Makamaka bungwe palokha ntchito chifukwa khama zotsatira amene kale mwasintha osiyanasiyana mu ndondomeko ya mapulani.

Mu chomaliza, pambuyo asilikali, izo amalenga ambiri zojambula ntchito naye. Kuwonjezera njira yolunjika, zojambula ndi zambiri pazipita mwachindunji polumikizana, makomo ndi lotulukira pamsewupo, komanso mavesi, kuwoloka, milatho ndi nyumba zina. Komanso kuvomerezedwa anatsimikiza amene mabasi kwenikweni ntchito mu ndondomeko ya kuika njira ndi zovala.

masiteji

Choncho, mutakonzekera akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo:

1. Development amasangalala ndi njira.
2. Kukafola angapo a maganizo zokhudzana ndi dongosolo la njirayo ndi kuchira wotsatira.
3. Mgwirizanowu cha polojekiti ndi kupeza thandizo la mabungwe onse okhudzidwa.
4. Mosamala kapangidwe zolembedwa zomwe pazikhalanso mapulani a malo wobiriwira.

Limodzi mwa mavuto ambiri ofunika ntchito yomanga msewu uli mawonekedwe a malo, kumene cholinga chachikulu cha kulolerana ndi anasonyeza njira kuti kusema izo. Mu nkhani iyi, ndithu kulabadira mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Sankhani mtundu wa nyemba msewu;
• kuteteza malo onse wobiriwira kuti alipo pa nthawiyo;
• chilengedwe cha m'minda atsopano;
• dongosolo la otsetsereka;
• chitukuko cha uthunthu wonse wa kubwezeretsedwa ntchito.

Musaiwale zoti yomanga ngati pazikhalanso nthawi yaitali, yaikulu ndi kalavulagaga kafukufuku, makamaka ngati chilili kudzera TCH misewu. mfundo kamangidwe monga mokoma zosiyanasiyana zimene tiyenera kuziganizira iliyonse siteji ya ntchito imeneyi. The lothandiza monga chakuti pa nthawiyo, mfundo alipo kuika njira ndi arched conjugation roadbed ndi ngodya zofewa mwangwiro zikugwirizana ndi aliyense wa maonekedwe a Edene.

Kodi kuyamba?

Ngati inu mukakumana ndi kumangidwa kwa motorways, m'misewu kapena mfundo iliyonse, kugwira ntchito imeneyi ayenera kukhala mu njira zingapo:

1. Angagwiritse subgrade misewu.
2. Kusonkhanitsa nkhaniyo.
3. Kamangidwe komaliza ndi kutulutsidwa kwa zolembedwa zofunikira.
4. mgwirizano ntchito ndi makasitomala ndi akuluakulu zogwirizana.

ntchito

Pa nthawi imeneyi, ndi chofunika kudziwa ndi staging, komanso ngati mitundu ya ntchito anachita. Chinthu icho, malingana ndi mndandanda kuti inu mwachindunji (kukonza lalikulu, latsopano yomanga, kukhazikitsanso, ndi zina zotero. N.) Kodi mwachindunji anasintha ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito anachita, komanso mndandanda wa mabungwe amene iwo ayenera kukambirana za mitundu yonse zikalata. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi ntchito kupanga kumanganso msewu chidzamasulidwa m'malo kukonzanso yaikulu, ndiye mu udzamvetsa kulandira bwinobwino ya boma ndi kubweretsa izo mfundo za magawo osiyanasiyana zojambula, ndipo ankachita zinthu izi zimafunikira kwambiri nthawi ndi ndalama.

ntchito ayenera amasonyeza chiwerengero chenicheni cha magazini ndi mtundu wa zolembedwa wosindikiza kapangidwe nthawi yodziwika, ena gulu la chinabweretsa ndi zina zabwino zina zambiri. Musaiwale kuti, malinga ndi ntchito idzachitike maphunziro, kamangidwe, kumanga misewu, ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu kuposa izo, takambiranazi payokha.

nkhaniyo

Pamndandanda uwu deta monga mitundu yonse ya kafukufuku wa zomangamanga, zinthu luso eni aliyense wa mauthenga amene ali m'dera ntchito, komanso makalata osiyanasiyana analandira mwa pogwirizanitsa mabungwe. Voliyumu ya mfundo koyamba mwachindunji yozungulira maonekedwe a chinthu makamaka. Pakuti nyumba yaing'ono driveways, mphambano kapena magalimoto zokwanira mapiritsi a m'tawuni, pamene misewu kapangidwe mfundo kupereka pamaso pa kafukufuku Geological ndi geodetic.

kamangidwe

Sitepe limeneli n'lofunika kwambiri nthawi yambiri mtengo. Atabatizidwa analandira zinthu zina, kwambiri kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha ntchito, ndi phula ndi miyala nayenso si ndalama mtengo kwambiri.

Nthawi zambiri vuto kumene makonzedwe a mwaulemu "akufunsa" kuyamba malo zina, kupereka kamangidwe ka msewu, m'mapaki ndi njira njinga, komanso kuchita malo. Pankhani akuphunzitsa adjacency njira anthu, mwachitsanzo, North Ossetian State University ndipo apolisi magalimoto Pakufunika kuvomerezedwa mapulani mphambano za makwalala ndi mphambano ndi misewu Transitional liwiro, kuunikira, dongosolo magetsi zosiyanasiyana magalimoto ndi, ngati mungafune, ndi culvert.

Akuyatsa Way ayenera kuthetsa m'gawo la midzi, ndi cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kuonetsetsa kuti aone yachibadwa a msewu ndi msewu. kuchotsa madzi amathanso kuchitidwa mu njira ziwiri zosiyana - mphepo kuchimbudzi kapena ngalande osiyana. Nkofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko kapangidwe kuganizira ngalande ndi kupereka biases normative, komanso mfundo zosiyanasiyana za phwando ndi kumasulidwa. Mu ndondomeko ya zosangalatsa madzi m'madera ozungulira komanso nthawi zambiri zofunika kuti akonzekeretse malo chithandizo m'deralo.

Ngati zofunikira anali m'dera zomangamanga, ndiye eni Mulimonsemo amafuna chitetezo kapena ziŵalo mogwirizana ndi zolembedwa muyezo. Choncho, malangizo mapulani a misewu si panjira, amene amafuna nkhani ya akatswiri ndi kudzinenera ena ambiri, amene ankalemekeza, kwambiri kumawonjezera mtengo wonse wa zomangamanga.

bwanji anthu?

Kubweretsa kamangidwe, poyamba anachita osiyana mphamvu mawerengedwe, ndiyeno kokha pamaziko a khalidwe lawo mawerengedwe a mbiri kotenga ndi yopingasa. Mu ndondomeko ya mapulani ndi mawerengedwe ikuchitika mbali luso ndi chuma cha polojekiti, ndipo anakonza mwatsatanetsatane ntchito zolembedwa, ndi kuyesa ndalama zonse zofunikira pomanga intaneti.

Anasankha zomangamanga ndi njira zachilengedwe, amene khwalala akhoza kumakhalamo zogwirizana mu malo achilengedwe. Chifukwa Kupenda zinthu zachilengedwe mu chitukuko cha zolembedwa ntchito akhoza kukwatiwa yomanga nanu kuwonongeka kwenikweni chilengedwe.

Angagwiritse msewu ikuchitika pa maziko a maphunziro ambiri a zomangamanga ndi kusanthula magawo nthaka, kutenga peculiarities chifukwa cha zimachititsa chilumbachi m'deralo. Mu kapangidwe ndondomeko misewu akatswiri ntchito kachitidwe kamakono mapulogalamu, komanso apadera zida zomangamanga.

Mu ziriri pano ndi sangathe kulingalira chitukuko katswiri wa zolembedwa ntchito popanda machitidwe zokha. Masamu mawerengeredwe ndi kompyuta kukhathamiritsa aliyense wa magawo kapangidwe akhoza kwambiri pa ubwino wonse wa ntchito, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama, nthawi ndi kuchuluka okwana zipangizo zofunika pomanga. M'kupita kwa nthawi, njira kukwaniritsa kapangidwe ntchito kwathunthu kuphwera, ntchito zaka 20 zokha zapitazo ku miyambo mfundo kamangidwe.

mgwirizano

List of matupi nawo mgwirizano zolembedwa ntchito, tiyenera kusonyeza mu ntchito, chimene malamulo okhazikika kapangidwe ka misewu. Ngati pali ndemanga kapena mafunso, okonza nthawi zonse funsani katswiri ndi kuchotsa ndemanga kapena kusintha zosiyanasiyana. Wodziimira kapena boma tione Nthawi zambiri kumeneko yekha.

Kamodzi onse chiyanjo zabwino zimapezeka angagwiritse gawo msewu udzatha. Ndiye kale zotheka kuti mupeze chilolezo kwa ntchitoyo.