DAC, kumveka: njira yoyesera

Sikuti aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta amalingalira zomwe zikuimira DAC. Phokoso limamveka ndi aliyense, koma apa ndi momwe likugwiritsidwira ntchito, monga likukhalira, ganizirani mayunitsi. Pokumbukira nkhaniyi, tifunika kupita patsogolo kwambiri kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha zowona komanso zipangizo za abambo ake.

Kodi DAC ndi chiyani? Kumveka: Mfundo Zenizeni za Kumvetsetsa

Anthu ena amakhulupirira molakwitsa kuti DAC ndipakatikati pulogalamu yamakono. Izi ndi zoona zoona. Koma kwenikweni, DAC ndiwotembenuza kawirikawiri mpaka wakale, yomwe imasintha chizindikiro cha audio kwa mtundu umene umamvekera pakumva anthu.

Apa ndikofunikira kupanga kusiyana pakati pa digito ndi chizindikiro cha analog. Njira yamakono yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa "chiwerengero" kapena mu kujambula kwawotchi imatanthauza njira zogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu, chifukwa chake ambiri ojambula nyimbo sangathe kumvetsera zojambula zofanana pa CD / DVD chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa kagawo kamene kamapangidwa ndi mutu wa diamond wa turntable pamene galimotoyo imakhudza .

Ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito analog yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu makina amphamvu komanso ma tepi ojambula. Zida zoterezi adakali otchuka kwambiri pakati pa oimba akatswiri, omwe akuyesera kuwonjezera chikondi kumveka kwawo.

Mafupipafupi makhalidwe

Phokoso, DAC kutembenuzidwa ndi kubwezeretsedwanso, kumadalira molunjika ndi chipangizo chowonetsera chizindikiro, ndiko kuti, khadi lomveka. Koma sizo zonse. Palibe gawo lochepa lomwe limasewera ndi mafilimu amodzimodzi omwe ali okamba (omveka mawu) ndi amplifiers.

Pano mukuyenera kumvetsa kuti palibe dongosolo limene lidzabwerere phokosolo ndi magawo omwe ali pansipa pamtundu wa khadi lomveka. Pakadali pano, ngati simukupita kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zoterezi, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimawoneka bwino:

• Mlingo wamakono pa 48 kHz (ngakhale muyezo ndi 44.1 kHz);
• Kuzama kwa mabedi 24 kapena 32 (ngakhale muyezo ndi 16 bits);
• Yotentha 320 Kbps ndi apamwamba (ngakhale muyezo ndi 128 kbit / s).

Zosankha zambiri

Monga maulendo afupipafupi, ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuti phokoso la DAC lingatembenuzidwe pogwiritsa ntchito magawo omwe amveketsedwa ndi kumva kwa anthu. Pano tikuyenera kukhala pa zomwe titha kumva.

Kulephera kwa kumva kwathu kumakhala kuchokera 16 Hz kufika 20 kHz (nthawizina 22 kapena 24, koma izi sizodziwika). Ndipo mawu onse akuluakulu a DAC akutsatiridwa muyeso ili. Komanso tiyima pa njira yoyesera, yomwe imaperekedwa ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zopezeka pa intaneti.

Njira yothandizira kuyesa DAC

Lamulo likuyesa kuyesa zipangizo zakunja, mmalo momangika makadi omveka bwino, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi makhalidwe a dongosolo lochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zakunja.

Pogwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a DAC, mawu apamwamba amayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya AudioDoctor FSQ 2006, yomwe poyamba idakonzedwa kuti iyesetse kayendedwe ka ma galimoto, ndipo kenako ikasinthidwa kuti zikhale pakhomo. Zida zomwe zimatchedwa DAC zimagwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji kudzera pa USB ndi kudzera pa S / PDIF pogwiritsa ntchito zosaoneka bwino za RCA (zotsatira zabwino za XLR zingasonyeze makhalidwe osiyana kwambiri).

Udindo wapadera unapatsidwa kwa ojambula a M2Tech HiFace Evo, kudzera momwe mafayilo adatembenuzidwira kukhala mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Kuyesa ndi madalaivala ASIO kunali kovomerezeka.

Kuwerengera kwa zida za DAC mwakumveka

Chotsatiracho chikuwonetsa chiyani? Kuwerengera kwa ma DAC kwa phokoso kumawoneka motere:

• ASUS Essence III;
• Burson Audio Conductor Virtuoso 9018;
• Chodabwitsa Audio DAC100;
• Chithunzi;
• Densen DenDAC 50;
• Fostex HP-A8;
• Supremo yokonza North Star Design;
• OPPO HA-1.

Lamuloli ndi lofala, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimadalira osati zizindikiro zomveka, koma pamtengo.

Komabe, Cary Audio pa mndandandawu akuwonetsa ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya kuwonjezeka kwa mawu ndi stereo. Kuwonjezera apo, musaiwale kuti chiwerengero cha DACs phokoso chimaphatikizapo zida zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makadi omveka

Otembenuzawo apangidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu makadi omveka. Kodi DAC imagwira ntchito bwanji? Phokoso (mfundo yogwirira ntchito ikutsimikizira izi) imatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kutembenuzidwa kwa chizindikiro cha digito pamalo okhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe a kachilombo kamene kalikonse, pamtengo uliwonse umene umagwirizana ndi mphamvu zina, zamakono komanso zowonjezera.

Zida za ADC zimagwira ntchito motsutsana. Koma ngati timayang'ana mwachindunji ku DAC, phokoso, kufotokoza kwa kusinthidwa kwa zomwe zidzakambidwe pansipa, kubangidwanso kokha pamaziko a code yolembera. Malingaliro ake, dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono la PCM. Ambiri, mwinamwake, amamvetsera, kuti maofesi a WAV amalembedwa monga PCM.

Koma sikokwanira kukhala ndi DAC pomwepo. Kumveka, kukonza ndi kusewera kwa chizindikiro sikungatheke popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu oyenera omwe amatchedwa codecs. Zangolengedwa kuti khadi lolimbitsa lizindikire mauthenga omwe akubwera komanso kubweretsamo phokoso kudzera m'mawotchi. Codecs ndi otembenuza pa nkhaniyi zimakhala ngati mlatho pakati pa digito ndi "chitsulo" (njira yomwe DirectX imagwira ntchito).

Makhadi omveka, omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito DAC, makamaka mumagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakunja, ndipo osachotsedwa, amaikidwa pamalo otsekemera pa bokosilo la makina, osatchula makina opangidwa ndi audio monga Intel Audio kapena Realtek.

DAC (mawonekedwe apansi a phokoso amatanthauza) amatha kukonza ndi njira zake (chifukwa chaichi chinalengedwa). Koma kuti mutumize chizindikiro choyendetsedwa ku chipangizo chosewera, nkofunikira kuti iyenso ikugwira ntchito molondola. Ndipo pano, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu oyendetsa poyambirira, otchedwa madalaivala, ndi ofunikira.

Madalaivala a Chipangizo

Makhadi ambiri omveka amadziwika mothandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a mtundu uliwonse. Madalaivala amaikidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zawo. Koma pa zipangizo zina, mungafunikire kuika pamanja, osati madalaivala okha, komanso ma codecs omwe ali nawo (mwachitsanzo, K-Lite Codec Pack).

Kuti musagwirizane ndi mtundu uwu wa njira, kuti DAC iliyonse ndikumveka bwino kuti muyike kapena kukonza madalaivala (kuwasunga mpaka lero) ndi zofunika ndi thandizo la mapulogalamu apadera okonzekera mwatsatanetsatane. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi Choyendetsa Dalaivala chothandizira, chomwe poyamba chimayimbira intaneti pazomwe akupanga, ndikutsitsa dalaivala wamakono kwambiri, imadziwika, ndikuiika m'dongosolo.

Software

Kusintha kwa audio kudzera mu DAC sikungatheke popanda mapulogalamu ofanana. Zanenedwa kale za codecs ndi madalaivala. Koma apa kusintha kwa mulingo woyenerera wa phokoso kapena ngakhale kukonzanso kwa mauthenga a audio, monga akatswiri ambiri osamvetsetsa, sangathe kuchitidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yamapulogalamu.

Popanda kutchula kuyika kwa madalaivala, ndibwino kuti mukhale ndi mapulogalamu monga SoundMax pa kompyuta yanu. Zogwiritsira ntchito, mosiyana ndi zida zomwezo za dongosolo la opaleshoni, zimapangitsa kukonza bwino.

Kukonzekera kwawomveka ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito olemba apadera, omwe, mwachidziwitso, mungasinthe ngakhale makonzedwe ofikira, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwafupipafupi ndi kuzama. Ndipo ngati madalaivala a ASIO4ALL amaikidwa palimodzi, mukhoza kusintha makhalidwe omwe ali nawo pamasomangidwe awo, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha zitsanzo (mwachitsanzo, 512, zomwe zikufanana ndi kuchedwa kwa msampha wa 10 ms), osatchula khalidwe labwino (mwachitsanzo, ikani mtengo ku 44100 Hz, osati , Nenani, 48 kapena 96 kHz).

Mobile Technology

Phokoso labwino kwambiri lochokera ku foni yamakono ndi DAC lingalingalire mopanda malire. Dziweruzireni nokha, chifukwa kuti mutenge maulendo ofananawo mukufunikira wokamba nkhani yoyenera ndi mainchesi 32 mainchesi. Ndipo zimachokera kuti pa foni kapena piritsi?

Koma zosankhidwa zingaperekedwe kwa opanga, omwe poyamba amaikidwa, monga oyamba kubadwa mumaganizo ndi oyambitsa magetsi a mtundu uwu. Sony Corporation ndi chitsimikizo chowonekera cha izi.

Posankha chipangizo, makondomu ayenera kuperekedwa kwa mafano ndi mapulasitiki, popeza kuti phokoso likumveka bwino kwambiri pambali ndi maonekedwe. Zigawo zamagetsi, ngakhalenso ngati wotembenuza wamphamvu kwambiri amaikidwa, amawoneka ofooka kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti zitsulo zimamveka phokoso. Kuwonjezera apo, malo ambiri pakati pa wokamba nkhani wamkulu ndi chivundikiro chammbuyo, zimakhala bwino. Koma musapitirire, chifukwa kusewera kwambiri kungayambitse zotsatira za kubwereza kapena choimbira, kapena, mophweka kwambiri, kupotoza kwa phokoso m'mawu ake oyambirira.

Zochitika zina

Monga momwe tadziwira kale, DAC imawomba njira zomvera pogwiritsa ntchito kachidindo kakang'ono ka digito, pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa magetsi ndi mafupipafupi a pakali pano. Koma pano ndi kofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti zikhazikitso zoterezi ndizomwe sizingatheke. Pakati pa magawo onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera DAC iliyonse, munthu angapezenso mfundo zambiri zosamvetsetseka monga ma PCM othamanga-mawonekedwe. Izi ndizomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa osinthika onse.

Mutu wosavuta, kufufuza kwa mbendera yowunikira ndi kusintha kwake kumachokera pa mfundo ya kufotokoza kwa magetsi, zamakono ndi malipiro, omwe mu malemba angatenge zinthu zero kapena imodzi (malingana ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kachidindo kakang'ono).

Mosiyana, nkoyenera kumvetsera mbali zomwe zimakhala ngati mphamvu, nthawi zina amatchedwanso ndondomeko kapena ndondomeko yowonjezera, kayendedwe ka kusintha, chiwerengero cha Nyquist (sampling), kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro zolowera, chizindikiro chokhachokha, kutulutsa chidziwitso pamene chidziwitso chimasinthidwa nthawi inayake, zolakwika pakati pa zenizeni Chizindikiro ndi mapiritsi amavomereza kuti ndi "abwino", zofunikira ndi zosiyana ndi zosagwirizana za kusokonekera kwa makhalidwe ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu zozizwitsa za kunja dnyh chizindikiro.

Kwa DAC, mtengo uliwonse wa kachidindo kawiri ikhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi transistor imodzi yomwe chizindikiro chimatumizidwa. Otembenuza kuti agwirizane amagawidwa kukhala ofanana ndi ofanana. Komano iwo amapita kumalo a magetsi, kukambirana ndi zotsatira.

Zida zambiri zimamangidwa pamaziko a masanjidwe a R-2R, omwe ndi amodzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana komanso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa pogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa ziwiri zokhazokha, zomwe zilipo 2: 1. Choncho, kuyesa DAC kunachepetsedwa kukhala njira ziwiri: kudziwa mphamvu ndi zamakono muzochitika zachilendo ndi zosiyana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chigawo cha impedance chimakhala chokhazikika ndipo mafunde osagwira ntchito amakhalapo. Koma vutoli ndilokuti kwa gwero lothandizira, chikhalidwe chachikulu ndi kukhalapo kwa mpweya wotsika kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, sizingatheke kugwiritsira ntchito kukana kugwirizanitsidwa ndi gwero lofotokozera mndandanda kutumiza chizindikiro. Koma mu dongosololi, monga lamulo, silofunika kuti liwonongeke.

Mosiyana ndizofunika kutchula momwe zimatchulira sigma-delta modulation, yomwe imayambitsa mlingo wa msinkhu wa mlingo. Kusintha (quantization) kumachitidwa ndi malipiro amodzi, omwe makumi khumi kapena mazana angapo amatha kupitirira pafupipafupi maulendo a Nyquist. Fyuluta yosindikizira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa imodzi mwa magawo a kutembenuka kwa mbendera imasintha ndondomeko ya ma code, kuphatikiza zero kwa mitsinje yochepa ya deta ndi mayunitsi a mitsinje yapamwamba yamtunduwu.

Popeza kuti ambiri opanga mauthenga onse ali okhudzidwa ndi othawirapo, kutengeka kwakukulu pakuyesedwa kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazing'ono zing'onozing'ono za maulendo obwereza, zomwe zimachepetsa kutengera kwa zingwe ndipo, motero, kumachepetsa phokoso. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe ngakhale kuyendetsa gitala zowonongeka. Ogitala amadziwa kuti chingwe chochokera ku gitala kupita ku "lotion", chimakhala cholimba kwambiri. Ndizimene zikuwonetseratu kumvetsetsa kwa nkhaniyi mwa njira yabwino.

DAC ku katundu akhoza kulumikizana mwachindunji. Koma chifukwa cha ichi, chida china, monga kubwereza galimoto kapena operekera op, chogwiritsira ntchito ngati chipangizo chogwiritsira ntchito, chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, ndibwino kuganizira pa nkhani yothetsera dera lililonse. Ndibwino kuti tigwiritse ntchito kulengedwa kwa ma polygoni osiyana pa gawo la digito ndi analog, chifukwa phokoso lochokera ku digito likhoza kuthandizira gawo la analoji. Izi zimapindula pogwiritsa ntchito wopanga thupi kapena pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo ziwiri zamkati kudzera mu dzenje.

Mmalo mwa chiwerengerocho

Inde, apa panali mfundo zina za sayansi komanso nkhani zamakono zomwe owerenga ambiri, makamaka, alibe kanthu. Koma, ngati mumaganizira za izi, nthawi zina chidziwitso chikhoza kukhala chothandiza kwambiri. Kusankha kwa khadi lachinsinsi komwe sikungathe kuchita popanda kudziwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza mfundo zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso ntchito yoyenera mu kompyuta.

Mwina ena ogwiritsa ntchito sanadziwebe kuti khalidwe losauka la phokoso lidawonetsedwa pamakamba omwe akugwirizana ndi zipangizo zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, khadi lachinsinsi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwereza chizindikiro cha digito chomwe chinatembenuzidwa mu mawonekedwe ake a analogi ayenera kukhala a mtundu wakunja wokha. Ndi zipangizozi zomwe zimakulolani kuti mumve zonse zomwe zowonjezera kapena zipangizo zotulutsidwa sizikhoza kubwerekanso. Amakhulupirira kuti 80 peresenti ya vuto ndizo izi. Mwa njira, mautumiki ambiri monga iTunes, Spotify kapena chinthu china "akuwongolera" pokhapokha kugwiritsa ntchito DAC. Palinso magalimoto apadera opangira maofesi omwe ali ndi zipangizo zakunja zogwirizana ndi iPods, osatchula zina zamagetsi zamagetsi.

Sitikudziwa kuti mafilimu ndi makompyuta amatenga mbali yofunikira, chifukwa sitingathe kutulutsa mawu oyenera kuchokera kwa wokamba nkhani, omwe mphamvu zake zimachepera ndi zizindikiro zomveka pamtunda wa 20-10 000 Hz. Choncho, zambiri mwazinthu zopangidwa monga ma casphone za mafoni sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, bwanji osamvetsera nyimbo pa makutu a K99 opangidwa ndi AKG, kapena amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zofanana kuchokera kwa Sennheiser? Komabe, kusankha lero kuli kokwanira.

Ponena za luso la kuyesa, lomwe linakambidwa pamwambapa, kumvetsetsa kwake sikungatheke ngakhale popanda chidziwitso choyamba cha fizikiya, kufotokozera mtundu wa mafunde, komanso zamagetsi, monga momwe chilangochi chimapangitsira kumvetsetsa kayendedwe ka magetsi. Ndipo, ndithudi, zidziwitso zachidule zokha za ogulira zizindikiro zinaperekedwa pano . Kuti mumvetse bwino nkhaniyi, ndibwino kuti muwerenge mabuku ena.