Gwero la matenda: tanthauzo, mitundu, chizindikiritso

chinenero chathu nthawi zonse zokhala mitundu yoposa 600 tizilombo zikudziwika, koma tili ndi mwayi kwambiri kukatenga matenda a mabasi ndi magalimoto. ndiye gwero la matenda ndi matenda chiyani? Kodi limagwirira kachilomboka?

tizilomboto

Matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatchedwa matenda. Mawu akuti anaonekera mu 1546 kuyamika Girolamo Fracastoro. Pakali pano sayansi amadziwa za 1400 yaying'ono-zamoyo, iwo ali ponseponse, koma musati kukula mwa ife mphindi iliyonse matenda.

Chifukwa chiyani? chakuti zamoyo zonse anawagawa tizilombo, osiyanasiyana ndipo sanali tizilombo. Woyamba kawirikawiri majeremusi ndipo amafuna "khamu" chitukuko ake. Mwinanso kugunda thupi lathanzi ndi kugonjetsedwa.

Osadziwika tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Escherichia coli, candida bowa) sachititsa munthu wathanzi zochita iliyonse. Iwo akhoza kukhala mu chilengedwe, kukhala gawo la microflora za thupi. Koma akamaziwononga, monga dongosolo chofooka m'thupi, iwo kukhala tizilombo, zoipa.

Mawu akuti "sanali tizilombo" kumafuna palibe chiopsezo mogwirizana ndi zamoyo izi, ngakhale kuti amatha kulowa mu Thupi ndi chifukwa matenda omwe. Malire pakati tizilombo ndi nonpathogenic microflora mu tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso kuzindikiridwa sawona bwinobwino kwambiri.

Gwero la matenda

Matenda bwino zimayamba ndi malowedwe mu thupi la tizilombo bowa, mavairasi, mogwirizana, mabakiteriya prions. Gwero la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimalimbikitsa chitukuko. sing'anga kawirikawiri amachita monga munthu kapena nyama.

Kupeza zinthu zabwino, mabakiteriya mwachangu zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kenako kusiya gwero lake, amapezeka mu malo akunja. Pali tizilombo toyambitsa matenda samasankha kubereka. chiwerengero chawo pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa mpaka mofulumira wathunthu, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana chokhwima yekha imathandizira pa ntchito imeneyi.

N'kuwatsegulanso ntchito yofunika tizilombo analandira pamene iwo kupeza latsopano "mbuye" - munthu pachiopsezo kapena nyama amene chitetezo lafooka. Kayendedwe ka Mungathe kubwereza mosalekeza mpaka majeremusi ndi kachilombo koyambitsa Edzi kufalitsa zamoyo wathanzi.

Environment monga chopatsilira ndi

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti chilengedwe - si gwero la matenda. Nthawi zonse amachita mkhalapakati kwa kufala kwa yaying'ono-zamoyo. chinyezi osakwanira, kusowa kwa zakudya ndi zosayenera yozungulira zinthu kutentha ndi akumane kuti chitukuko.

Air, katundu wa m'nyumba, madzi, nthaka okha woyamba kutenga matendawa, ndi pamenepo pokha kusamutsidwa kwa tiziromboti mu thupi khamu. Ngati tizilombo zimapezeka mapangidwe awa motalika, iwo amafa. Ngakhale ena ndi kukana wapadera ndipo akhoza anasunga ngakhale nyengo ikhale yoipa kwa zaka zambiri.

Amphamvu kukana ali tizilombo ta matenda. M'nthaka, izo awasungira kwa zaka zambiri, koma ora kenako anaphedwa ndi otentha. Ndi osayanjanitsika mwamtheradi masaka wothandizira. The causative wothandizila wa kolera, El wo- tsogolera apulumuke mu nthaka, mchenga, mankhwala ndi ndowe, ndi Kutentha mosungiramo madigiri 17 kuti aleke timitengo kuchulukitsa.

Magwero a matenda: Mitundu

Matenda anawagawa mitundu ingapo, malinga ndi lamulo limene kuchulukitsa tizilombo amene akhoza anasamutsa ndi. Yachokera pa kafukufuku awa, kuonetsetsa anthroponoses, zooantroponozy ndi zoonoses.

Zooantronozy anthropozoonosis kapena matenda chifukwa zimene gwero la matenda ndi munthu kapena nyama. Anthu, matenda nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwa nyama, makamaka makoswe kupyolera. Ndi matenda zoonotic anafotokoza matenda a chiwewe, glanders, TB, leptospirosis, tizilombo ta matenda, brucellosis, trypanosomiasis.

matenda Anthroponotic zili choncho kumene gwero la matenda - anthu, ndipo akhoza anasamutsa kwa ena. Izi zikuphatikizapo kubwerera, Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi ndipo tayifodi, nthomba, chinzonono, fuluwenza, chindoko, akuphokosera chifuwa, kolera, chikuku ndi poliyo.

Zoonoses amatchedwa matenda opatsirana kwa imene malo abwino ndi thupi nyama. Akamaziwononga, matenda akhoza zimafalitsidwa kwa anthu, koma kwa anthu - palibe. Kupatulapo ndi mliri, ndi yelofiva, amatha zimafala pakati pa anthu.

Kudziwika matenda

Munthu kachilombo kapena nyama zingachititse kufalikira lonse la matenda mkati umodzi mwa mizinda yambiri, ndipo nthawi zina m'mayiko ena. matenda woopsawo ndi kugawa kuphunzira awo epidemiologists.

Pa kudziwika ngakhale chochitika chimodzi matenda, madokotala tikupeza tsatanetsatane wa matenda. Kupeza gwero la matenda zikachitika, tanthauzo la mtundu ndi kugawa ake njira. Kuti tichite zimenezi zofala kwambiri ntchito AIDS mbiri, amene kafukufuku wodwala za ntchito posachedwapa, kulankhula ndi anthu ndi nyama, tsiku la chiyambire matendawa.

Complete zokhudza kupatsira lipindulitsa kwambiri. Ndi n'zotheka kuti tipeze akafuna HIV, gwero zotheka, komanso lonse kuthekera (ngati pali chochitika osakwatira kapena misa).

Gwero choyambirira cha matenda si kophweka kuzindikira, pangakhale zingapo. Ndi kovuta kuchita ndi matenda zoonotic. Pankhaniyi, ntchito yaikulu Epidemiology ndi kudziwa zinthu zonse kuchita ndi njira za kufala.

Modes wa HIV

Pali zingapo njira HIV. Fecal-m'kamwa khalidwe la matenda onse matumbo. tizilomboto njiru zambiri mu chopondapo kapena masanzi mu chamoyo wathanzi iwo adzagwa ndi madzi kapena njira kukhudzana-banja. Izi zimachitika pamene gwero la matenda (wodwala) osauka kusamba m'manja akachoka kuchimbudzi.

M'mapapo kapena airborne ukugwira ntchito mwa matenda tizilombo kuti kupatsira mundawo kupuma. Choka tizilombo amapezeka ndi sneezing kapena kutsokomola uninfected pafupi zinthu.

Transmissible kumafuna kufala kwa matenda kudzera m'magazi. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pamene kuluma chonyamulira, mwachitsanzo utitiri, nkhupakupa, malungo udzudzu, nsabwe. Anasamutsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi imene ili pa khungu kapena nembanemba mucous. Iwo amalowa m'thupi kudzera mabala pa thupi kapena kukhudzana ndi wodwalayo.

Opatsirana pogonana matenda venereal makamaka zambiri mwachindunji pa kukhudzana kugonana. Ofukula kufala limagwirira ndi matenda a mwana wosabadwayo ndi mayi ali woyembekezera.

Kulunjika la kufalitsa

Pakuti mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo yodziwika ndi limagwirira limene mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya kulowa gulu lake. Childs, njira zingapo zimenezi, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zingachititse ndimakokedwe zina majeremusi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo njira kuti Cholinga chimodzi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, si abwino kulanda ena. Mwachitsanzo, otsatira ambiri a matenda kupuma alibe mphamvu mwamtheradi mu madzi muzituluka. Kamodzi kapepala kakuti m'mimba, kufa ndi chiyani amayambitsa matenda.

Ena mwa njira tizilombo zoipa kulowa m'thupi mwina M'malo mwake, imathandizira pa chitukuko cha matenda. Choncho, ingress causative wothandizila a chindoko mu m'magazi kudzera mwa masingano zakhudzana zachipatala amachititsa mavuto. Matendawa amapezeka intensively kwambiri.

Pomaliza

Infection ndi osakaniza njira kwachilengedwenso kunachitika thupi ndi kukhala oyamba mu izo wa zamoyo tizilombo. matenda zingakhudze anthu ndi nyama. Waukulu kufala limagwirira ndi pini, kugonana, airborne, faecal-m'kamwa, ofukula njira.

Gwero la matenda - malo abwino kwa kuswana ndi kufala kwa majeremusi. zinthu Oyenera zambiri anthu ndi nyama. chilengedwe, monga ulamuliro, amachita ngati m'khalapakati.

Nthawi zambiri alibe zinthu pa moyo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo salembedwa. Ukhale m'malo abwino ikutha awo. Mu zina, tizilombo akhoza angapitirize dothi, madzi, mchenga kuchokera pansi mpaka zaka zingapo.