Makompyuta ndi zamagetsi iliyonse - zipangizo zovuta, mfundo za amene si nthawi zonse bwino kwa nzika kwambiri. Kodi ROM ndi zimene chipangizo muyenera? Anthu ambiri sangathe kuyankha funso limeneli. Yesetsani kukonza kusamvetsa uku.
Kodi ROM?
Kodi iwo ali ndi kumene ntchito? chokumbukira Werengani-yekha (ROMs) ndi nonvolatile kukumbukira. Sayansi, iwo akuyendera ngati Chip a. Pa nthawi yomweyo ife tinapeza chimene chidule ROM decoding. Zokha chipangizo cha kusunga analowa ndi wosuta, ndi mapulogalamu anaika. Kukumbukira Werengani-okha angapezeke zikalata, music, zithunzi - ndiko kuti, onse kuti ayenera kusungidwa kwa miyezi kapena zaka. Mlingo wa pamtima, malingana ndi chipangizo ntchito, akhoza zimasiyana kilobytes angapo (kwa zipangizo losavuta ndi galasi pakachitsulo umodzi zitsanzo za amene ali microcontrollers) kuti terabytes. Kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa ROM - zinthu zambiri zikhoza kusungidwa. voliyumu ndi mwachindunji njila kwa kuchuluka kwa deta. Ngati losindikizidwa yankho la funso loti, kodi ROM ayenera kuyankhidwa: ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu deta yomwe zimadalira ya DC voteji.
mbale molimba monga waukulu chipangizo okhazikika yosungirako
Pa funso la chimene ROM kale anayankha. Tsopano tiyenera kulankhula za chimene iwo ali. Waukulu okhazikika chipangizo yosungirako ndi chosungira. Iwo ali mu lililonse kompyuta ano. Iwo ntchito chifukwa cha mwayi wake lonse yosungirako deta. Koma nthawi yomweyo pali zingapo ROM kuti ntchito multiplexers (ili microcontrollers, jombo loaders ndi ofanana njira zina zamagetsi). Kafukufuku mwatsatanetsatane zidzakhala zofunikira kumvetsa tanthauzo la ROM lapansi. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti mawu ena komanso kofunika, kumvetsa nkhaniyo.
Kukula ndi Kuwonjezera ROM mphamvu ndi kung'anima luso
Ngati muyezo wosuta kukumbukira sikokwanira, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi optional kutambasuka operekedwa ndi ROM yosungirako deta. Izi zachitika kudzera zamakono zili mu makadi kukumbukira ndi abulusa USB-kung'anima. Iwo kumadalira pa mfundo za ntchito angapo. M'mawu ena, deta pa iwo akhoza achotsa ndipo zinalembedwa masauzande nthawi.
Kodi ndi m'chikumbumtima okhazikika
ROM ndi zigawo ziwiri, amene oyambitsa A ROM-(kwa kasungidwe mapulogalamu) ndi ROM-E (kwa opereka mapulogalamu). A mtundu ROM thiransifoma ndi diode masanjidwewo, amene stitched mwa adiresi mawaya. Chigawo chimenechi cha ROM amene akuchita ntchito yaikulu. Kudzazidwa zimadalira zinthu zimene anapanga ROM (angagwiritsidwe ntchito perforations ndi matepi maginito, anakhomerera makadi, mbale maginito, ng'oma, Onyamula Zazitali Ayi ferrite, dielectrics ndi chiweruzo chawo electrostatic kudzikundikira chuma).
Chojambula Kapangidwe ka ROM ndi
Izi chinthu pakompyuta analimasulira monga chipangizo, amene maonekedwe akufanana kugwirizana nambala inayake ya selo limodzi lokha-bit. Chip ROM, ngakhale zovuta kuchita ndi mwayi mwakuwoneka kwambiri, kukula ang'onoang'ono. Pamene kuloweza Akamva yeniyeni opangidwa kusindikiza kwa nyumba (pamene olembedwa kuti ziro) kapena magetsi (pamene wagawo ndi kwalembedwa). Kuonjezera maselo pang'ono kukumbukira mu tchipisi Werengani-okha kukumbukira akhoza olumikizidwa ku kufanana. Ndipo opanga kuchita kuti mankhwala amakono, monga ROM Chip ndi ntchito yapamwamba zimawathandiza kukhala mpikisano mu msika.
Mlingo wa kukumbukira ntchito mayunitsi zosiyanasiyana zomangamanga
Miyeso kukumbukira ikhoza kusintha kutengera mtundu ndi cholinga ROM. Choncho zipangizo yosavuta banja monga makina ochapira kapena refrigerators zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa microcontrollers zokwanira (ku nkhokwe zawo makumi angapo a kilobytes), ndipo nthawi zina wayikidwa akhale chinachake zovuta. Gwiritsani wambirimbiri ROM pano sizimatanthauza, chifukwa chiwerengero cha zamagetsi ang'ono, ndi njira ya sikutanthauza kuwerengetsera zovuta. Pakuti TV makono chofunika ndi chinthu changwiro choposa. Ndi kuvuta ndi chimake cha zida kompyuta monga makompyuta ndi maseva, ndi ROM chimene, monga yochepa, muli gigabytes ochepa (kwa anamasulidwa zaka 15 zapitazo) mpaka makumi ndi mazana a terabytes deta.
chigoba ROM
Pa nthawi imene kujambula wochititsidwa ntchito ndondomeko metallization ndi chigoba ntchito, chipangizo okhazikika yosungirako amatchedwa chigoba. Maadiresi maselo kukumbukira amene ali aperekedwe ku malo 10, ndi Chip makamaka osankhidwa ndi chizindikiro chapadera CS. Mapulogalamu mtundu wa ROM pa fakitale, chifukwa kupanga pokha ndi sing'anga wopanda pake ndi wovuta kwambiri. Koma kupanga zikuluzikulu, ndi yotsika mtengo pakati pa zipangizo zonse yosungirako okhazikika, amene wotetezedwa iwo kutchuka.
Schematically, kulemera okwana yodziwika kuti mankhwala a kukumbukira masanjidwewo ochititsa m'malo webs fusible zopangidwa polycrystalline pakachitsulo. Pa nthawi yopanga ndi jumpers onse ndi kompyuta akuganiza kuti zonse zolembedwa mayunitsi zomveka. Koma pa pulogalamu kukonzekera ankatumikira voteji apamwamba, imene kusiya mayunitsi zomveka. Pamene ntchito voltages otsika jumper asanduke nthunzi, ndi kompyuta imati kuti pali nkhani ziro. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi ndi programmable Werengani-okha kukumbukira.
Programmable kuwerenga zokumbukira okha
Gule anali omasuka ndithu pa kupanga ndondomeko, kwa iwo kunali kotheka kuti mwina pa medium- ndi ang'ono-ang'ono kupanga. Koma zipangizo zotero zofooka - kuti msonkhano akhoza kulembedwa kamodzi kokha (chifukwa chakuti mlatho asanduke nthunzi, kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse). Chifukwa cholephera ili ntchito ya kukonzanso kuwerenga okha kukumbukira, kulemba zolakwika pansi pamene izo ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Izi kumawonjezera kufunika kwa zida zonse umatulutsa. Chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro mu mkombero kupanga vuto ili ndithu wotanganidwa maganizo a kutukula kukumbukira chipangizo. Njira kunja imeneyi inali chitukuko cha ROM, amene akhonza ma maulendo angapo.
ROM ndi dzuwa kapena electrically erasable
Ndipo tinalandira makina onga amatchedwa "kuwerenga kukumbukira yekha ndi dzuwa kapena electrically erasable." Iwo analengedwa pa maziko a dongosolo lomenyera kukumbukira zimene maselo kukumbukira ndi dongosolo lapadera. Motero, aliyense selo ndi mos transistor, mmene chipata unapangidwa polycrystalline pakachitsulo. Similar kuti Baibulo m'mbuyomu, pomwe? Koma ROMs izi zimaonetseratu kuti pakachitsulo zina atazunguliridwa ndi insulator ndi chimateteza katundu zodabwitsa - silika. Mfundo ntchito zachokera kupatsidwa ulemu ndi kulipiritsa zili kuti akhoza kusungidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Ndiye palinso mbali ya kumva kuwawa. Motero, kwa zipangizo ultraviolet-ROM ziyenera kugunda cheza ultraviolet akubwera kuchokera kunja (nyali ultraviolet, etc.). N'zoonekeratu kuti ku mawonedwe a chomasuka ntchito ndi kuwerenga kukumbukira kokha electrically erasable ndi mulingo woyenera kuti yambitsa iwo, kungoti ntchito voteji. Mfundo za erasing magetsi wakhala bwinobwino akuyendera ROM monga abulusa kung'anima, amene Tingaone pa ambiri.
Koma zimenezi ROM-dera kupatula pomanga selo, amapanga osiyana ochiritsira chigoba ROM kukumbukira. Nthawi zina zipangizo izi amatchedwanso reprogrammiruemymi. Koma ndi ubwino onse pali malire erasing liwiro: chifukwa zimenezi nthawi zambiri limatenga 10-30 Mphindi.
Ngakhale kuti akhoza overwriting zipangizo reprogrammiruemye zocheperapo ntchito. Choncho, zamagetsi ndi erasure ultraviolet kupulumuka 10 100 m'zinthu lemba. Ndiye mphamvu yoipa cheza amakhala choncho palpable kuti zithe bwinobwino. Onani ntchito zinthu akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ngati kusunga mapulogalamu BIOS, video ndi makadi zomveka madoko owonjezera. Komabe, akadakwanitsira wachibale rewriting ndi mfundo za erasure magetsi. Choncho, chiwerengero cha rewrites mu zipangizo wamba zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 100 000 kwa 500 000! Pali osiyana ROM chipangizo kuti angathe kugwira ntchito zambiri, koma owerenga ambiri safunika izo.