Litha ntchito ana mosafanana: malamulo, makhalidwe ndi zofunika

Posachedwapa, ntchito ambiri mwana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto ambiri m'dzikoli masiku ano. ntchito ana sikuti ntchito m'nyumba ndi masukulu, komanso makampani akuluakulu. Ndi kuphwanya ili la chilamulo zokhudzana ndi ndalama yaikulu zochitika maganizo. M'nkhaniyi, mungapeze mfundo zambiri za mtengowu.

General zokhudza bilu

Chaka chilichonse koposa pafupipafupi yokumba ntchito ana mosafanana. Nkhani 32-36 a m'Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana amakhazikitsa udindo Boma pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa ana ndi ntchito oletsedwa yaukapolo. Nkhani muli zigawo zitatu, anavomerezedwa September 2, 1990. Msonkhanowu potsiriza anapanga zaka zingapo zapitazo.

Nkhani 32 amamasula ana kuchokera ntchito iliyonse kuti zingathe kusokoneza thanzi kapena kukhala chopinga maphunziro. Malinga udalowa zaka zochepa ntchito kuti ntchito.

Msonkhanowu latsopano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana Analeredwa m'chilimwe 1999. Ndi nkhani pa mitundu koipa ntchito ana mosafanana. COMPASS kuwonongedwa kwa ukapolo, kukakamizidwa kutenga nawo mbali mwana mu nkhondo, uhule ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mayiko amene linalowa nawo m'Pangano Lokhudza pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Mwana, ayenera kuteteza ana ku kuzunzidwa.

M'dziko pali masuku pamutu oletsedwa ntchito ana mosafanana. Nkhani 127,1 wa Code Wachifwamba amapereka chilango atigwira kukhonda akagwire ntchito. Komabe, kalata osiyana, omwe akanati za masuku pamutu ntchito ana mosafanana, ndi Code Wachifwamba sakutero. Komabe, posachedwapa boma akukonza kukonzanso izo.

ngongole zambiri kulengedwa pofuna kuthetsa mavuto zogwirizana masuku pamutu ntchito ana mosafanana. Nkhani ya Russian Federation Labor Code lili ndi mfundo zimene mwana akhoza mwaufulu kufunsira ntchito, ngati izi si chopinga maphunziro. Pankhaniyi amafunika chilolezo cholembedwa kuchokera kwa makolo awo. Zaumbanda ayenera ntchito mu zinthu zabwino. Iye ali ndi ufulu yafupika ntchito maola, akuphwanya ndi maholide. Komabe, n'zosatheka kupeza ntchito asanafike zaka 15. Izi oletsedwa ndi Labor Code.

ntchito ana kusukulu

Litha ntchito ana mosafanana ku sukulu zambiri padera. Pafupifupi magulu onse maphunziro zikukangalika ntchito monga kalasi ntchito, chilimwe kuchita, ndi zina zotero. D. Kodi ntchito oletsedwa mwana ku sukulu?

Pa nthawi Soviet, kugwiritsa ntchito ana kunalandiridwa sukulu. Iye anali mmodzi wa njira ya maphunziro kukonda dziko. Masiku ano, maganizo pa ntchito ana zasintha. Analenga ndalama zambiri za ngongole zimene zimathandiza kuteteza ubwana wa mwana aliyense.

The chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri kukopa mwana ntchito pasukulu ndi kulola makolo ake. Izo ziyenera kukhala mu kulemba. Ngati palibe, mwana alibe ufulu kukakamiza aliyense ntchito pa sukulu. Ngati masuku pamutu ntchito ana mosafanana ndi bungwe la maphunziro kumachitika nthawi zonse popanda chilolezo, makolo akhoza kulemba amadandaula kuti wozenga kapena dipatimenti maphunziro chigawo.

Zikatero, ngati chilolezo cha makolo ntchito kumeneko, mphunzitsi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ikuchitika zoletsedwa ndi malamulo onse ambiri amavomereza. Asukulu analetsa kunyamula zinthu zolemera, kutsuka mawindo ndi kuchita kukonza padziko panjira ya.

Kukhazikitsa malamulo

Lamulo la ntchito mwana kumeneko motalika kokwanira. Pali nthawi imene akuluakulu a sukulu ali mlandu zimene ophunzira anamasulidwa ku maphunziro a tsiku chifukwa kuloza. Mwachitsanzo, ofesi wozenga mlandu wa Region Arkhangelsk kuwunikira ndi kuyankha mawu kwa mayi mmodzi wa wophunzira sukulu Novodvinsk. mwana wake anakakamizika penyani pa maphunziro. ofesi khoti linalamula kuti waona mu zochita za mphunzitsi wamkulu kuphwanya Chilamulo "Pa maphunziro". Zochita zake, mutu wa bungwe la zimaphwanya wophunzira gulu lonse la chidziwitso. Kuyambira pamenepo, ntchito ku sukulu anali zimafika.

ziwerengero

Ziwerengero ntchito za mwana kumabweretsa kudabwitsa pafupifupi aliyense. Malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi Labour Mayiko Organization pali za miliyoni 168 ntchito ana. Izi ndi 11% ya anthu okwana mwana. Komabe, tidziwa kuti chiwerengero chawo yafupika. M'zaka 2000-2012 chiwerengero cha antchito mwana zidagwa miliyoni 78.

Mu 2008, akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma mwana ntchito yokumba amayamba apeze patsogolo ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Koma malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi Labor Mayiko Organization, chiwerengero cha ana ntchito mu nthawi iyi si kuchuluka. Akatswiri amanena izi chakuti m'mayiko yokumba vuto kwambiri pachimake, mavutowo pafupifupi osati anakhudzidwa.

Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha ana ntchito zimawonedwa mu Asia ndi dera Pacific. Kumeneko, malingana ndi kuwerengera ndi miliyoni 77,7 ntchito ana. kugwiritsa ntchito ana komanso kupezeka mu Africa. Pali mozemba ntchito iliyonse mwana wachisanu.

Litha ana Russia

ntchito ana kawirikawiri pa dera la Chitaganya cha Russia. ntchito mwana Tingaone m'misewu pafupifupi m'mizinda yonse Russian. Nthawi zambiri amagawira malonda kapena pasting malonda. Achinyamata kuti iwo akufuna kukhala wodzidalira pachuma ndi makolo awo. N'chifukwa chake ndi kuyamba ntchito ndi zaka 12-13, kulandira yokumba oletsedwa.

Chaka chilichonse la Russia ndi malamulo kuteteza zofuna za ana. Malinga ndi iwo, mwana aliyense amene zaka wafika zaka 16 ntchito zinthu yabwino. Apo ayi, bwana wa adzalangidwa monga mwa lamulo.

Mu Russia ndi maiko oyandikana, makolo nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa ntchito ana awo. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti m'njira imeneyi ya mwana umakhala palokha ndipo kumvetsa zovuta ndalama. Oimira Labor Mayiko Organization amakhulupirira kuti mtima Russian ziyenera kusintha. mgwirizanitsi Program Rima Kalinchenko amanena kuti pa nkhaniyi, muyenera kulankhula. Iye akukhulupirira kuti okha Zikatero athe kusintha maganizo a nzika pa ntchito ana.

Makampani akuluakulu ndi ntchito ana mosafanana

Chaka chino, limodzi la mabungwe dziko ufulu wa anthu chikalata lipoti. Ndi mlandu magulu atatuwo kutsogolera kuti imakhazikika mu chitukuko cha zida zamagetsi, ndicho Samsung, apulo, Sony. Amaganiziridwa kugula mchere kuti ali yotengedwa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito ana. Malinga ndi lipoti, m'migodi ku Democratic Republic of Congo ntchito ana kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo kuchotsa mchere zofunika chilengedwe cha mabatire lifiyamu-ion.

Atsogoleri a magulu kuti kugula mchere, nenani iwo samalandira ntchito ntchito ana mosafanana. Komabe, pakuona kuti zosiyana. Akatswiri ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu amanena kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi oopsa thanzi. Amadziwika kuti m'migodi izi azipereka mtengo mkulu imfa. Malinga ndi mboni, chaka chathachi chokha anapha oposa 80 ana.

Malinga Fund Ana a UN, m'migodi ya DRC mchere m'zigawo amatenga ana osachepera 40 000. mtengo dziko kampani amakana mfundo imeneyi. Iwo amati chiyani kugula katundu opangidwa mu njira iyi.

Ufulu wa munthu wogwira ntchito zing'onozing'ono

Siyense aang'ono amene akufuna kutsatira ntchito, amadziwa ufulu wawo. N'chifukwa chake achinyamata nthawi zambiri sizivuta ndalama kwa mabwana oipa. Nkofunika kuti wophunzira bwino iwo pasadakhale.

malamulo Russian amapereka zaka zomwe wophunzira atha kupeza ntchito. Mu zaka 15, ndi chilolezo cha makolo, wachinyamata angathe kupeza ntchito. Komabe, ntchito yake ayenera mwalamulo kupanga zinthu yophunzitsa uthunthu wake. Ntchito wophunzira ayenera kupezeka maphunziro onse ndi kulemba homuweki. Ntchito ndi patsogolo wamasiye achinyamata ochokera m'mabanja a mabanja pantchito ndi ovutika kapena chachikulu.

Tikumbukenso kuti bwana osati abalalitse wantchito wa mwana popanda chilolezo Inspectorate ntchito. Pansi bilu wachinyamata amene sizinawakhudze zaka 16 sayenera ntchito maola oposa 24 pa mlungu. Ana zaka 16-18 zakubadwa akhoza ntchito maola oposa 36 pa mlungu.

chipongwe ndi ukapolo

Malinga ndi akatswiri, dziko chaka chilichonse pafupifupi ana wani miliyoni igwera mu malonda kugonana kosaloleka. Ena amakakamizidwa izi, ndipo ena akopeke pansi pretenses onyenga. Chaka chilichonse pali Kowonjezereka kwa ana chifukwa pali zoona kuti mabwenzi apamtima ndi zokayikitsa zimabweretsa HIV. Opaleshoni imeneyi umawononga chosachiritsika thanzi mwana. Ana nthawi zambiri anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo kugonana ndi matchalitchi amene amati ndi atumiki.

Article 34 la Convention adzaitana pa States kuteteza ana kwa chipongwe ndi ukapolo. Nkhani 35 n'chakuti kuti Boma apeze njira zoyenera zopewera atigwira wa ana.

World Tsiku Against Child Labour

M'dziko pali kulimbana ndi masuku pamutu ntchito ana mosafanana. Chifukwa ichi, chiwerengero cha ana ntchito wathetsedwa. June 12 - World Tsiku Against Child Labour. Iwo anavomerezedwa mu 2002 ndi Labor Mayiko Organization kuti akope tcheru anthu vutolo, amene ali pano m'mayiko onse.

Polongosola mwachidule

ntchito ana - vuto kuti akupezeka m'mayiko onse. Ndi ambiri mwa Africa ndi Asia. Pali vuto ndi la Russia. Posacedwapa boma akufuna kutsatira kusintha Wachifwamba Code, chimene olakwa amene amapezerapo ana, adzakhala mlandu. Pakali pano, pali ngongole angapo kuti ali ndi udindo kuteteza mwana.