Monga thumba mpweya wotchedwa Earth? Kapangidwe, thupi katundu ndi zikuchokera mlengalenga

Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti mpweya - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya biosphere lapansi. Ndipotu, chiphunzitso yake yapadera amatipatsa kuthekera kwa moyo pa dziko. Koma dzina la mpweya malo a Dziko Lapansi? Kodi ndi chiyani wapadera? ndi mipweya ndi thupi katundu chiyani? Nkhanizi ndi chidwi ambiri.

Monga thumba mpweya wotchedwa Earth?

Amadziwika kuti moyo padziko lapansi ndi zotheka chifukwa cha mlili wa zikuchokera wapadera wa mlengalenga. Ndipo mpweya chipolopolo amatchedwa m'mlengalenga. Mbali imeneyi ya biosphere kwathunthu wazungulira dziko ndipo inachitika padziko thupi lakumwamba ndi yokoka.

Mwachibadwa, chipolopolo uyu ali ndi mankhwala ena ndi thupi katundu. Koma malire, n'zosatheka adzawalange. Pafupi kuti padziko lapansi anakumana ndi mpweya wa lithosphere ndi hydrosphere. Koma kudziwa kumene ikutha ndipo akuyamba gaseous envelopu lotseguka malo, ndi kovuta. Pakali pano, malire zolimba pamalo okwera 100 Km, kumene otchedwa Karman mzere - m'dera aeronautics ndi zosatheka.

Mpweya - mpweya chigoba cha Earth, amene mtengo sitingalephere kukambapo. Ndipotu, sitiyenera kuiwala kuti pafupifupi matupi onse lakumwamba ongoyendayenda ionizing ndi cheza ultraviolet, amene zimawononga zamoyo. Ilo liri mu envelopu gaseous kunyezimira ndi zopanda.

Chiphunzitso cha yatsoka mumlengalenga

Ndipotu anthu ambiri akudabwa mmene dziko linakhazikitsidwa thumba mpweya. Yankho la funso limeneli silingakhale lolondola, popeza pali maganizo osiyanasiyana za chiyambi cha m'mlengalenga ndi tsiku.

Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa ambiri, m'mlengalenga chachikulu chinapangidwa zaka mabiliyoni anayi zapitazo kuchokera ku mipweya kuwala - ndicho, hydrogen ndi helium, amene anagwira ku malo interplanetary. Chifukwa mkulu ntchito chiphala kulenga zina gasi envelopu yachiwiri, chimene chakhala ladzala ndi carbon dioxide, nthunzi ya madzi ndi ammonia.

m'mlengalenga Ukachenjede unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa njira zambiri - mankhwala anachita (mwachitsanzo, mphezi), ultraviolet padzuwa, kutayikira ya helium ndi wa hydrogen kumbuyo mu danga interplanetary.

Mipweya ya mumlengalenga

Tsopano, pamene anakhala dzina la chilengedwe mpweya wa Dziko Lapansi, m'pofunika kuganizira kapangidwe kake mankhwala, amene ankaona wapadera. Mwakucimbidza tisaiwale kuti mpweya osiyanasiyana zimalimbikitsa zigawo yekha m'munsi ya mpweya. Makamaka mu mpweya chimaposa asafe (78.08%). Mlingo oxygen 20,95%. Awa ndi mpweya ziwiri zazikulu.

Komanso, airbag lapansi m'chimake zikuphatikizapo zigawo zina - ndi carbon dioxide, wa hydrogen, argon, helium, xenon, methane, sulfure ndi asafe oxides, ozoni, ammonia.

Kapangidwe mpweya lapansi m'chimake

mlengalenga zikhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo zingapo, omwe ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana thupi ndi mankhwala.

• Troposphere - wosanjikiza pafupi ndi padziko lapansi. Iwo ankaganiza 80% mpweya okwana. Ndipo izo ziri pano zotheka zochita za anthu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mu wosanjikiza izi anaikira pafupifupi madzi mumlengalenga (90%). Apa, kuti apange mitambo ndi mpweya. The troposphere chimafikira kwa makilomita 18 kuchokera padziko lapansi. Ndi kuwuka mmwamba kutentha yafupika.
• The stratosphere (12-50 km) - wosanjikiza, amene ankaona ambiri a bata mlengalenga. Pamenepa ndi pamene Mpweya umene zoteteza wosanjikiza.
• Thermosphere - mbali ya m'mlengalenga, malire chapamwamba chimene chiri za 700-800 Km. Apa, kutentha zinayamba kuwuka zikuchepa kumawonjezera, ndi m'madera ena ali m'ma 1200 madigiri Celsius. Malire a wosanjikiza izi otchedwa ionosphere, kumene mpweya uli ionized mchikakamizo cheza dzuwa.
• Exosphere - kubalalika dera lomwe pamalo okwera 3000 Km zipita mlengalenga. Mpweya ladzala ndi mpweya wopepuka monga wa hydrogen ndi helium.

Kuweta thupi makhalidwe a m'mlengalenga

Inde, thupi katundu wa mpweya zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, podziwa iwo, tingadziwire mmene zinkakhalira amakhudza anthu kapena zamoyo. Komanso, muyeso wa magawo thupi n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tipeze ntchito akadakwanitsira ndege, ndege, etc. Makamaka, izi magawo thupi atengedwa mu nkhani ..:

• Air kutentha kumadziŵika chilinganizo zotsatirazi: T1 = T - 6,5H (pano T - mpweya kutentha pa nthaka ya dziko lapansi, ndi H - kutalika).
• Air kachulukidwe - ndi unyinji wa mpweya pa mita kiyubiki.
• The mavuto angathe kuyeza mu Pascals, ndi atmospheres.
• Chinyezi limasonyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi mu unit mpweya. Tikumbukenso kuti ziro chinyezi n'chotheka zasayansi. The apamwamba zigoli, m'munsi mpweya osalimba, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Mwa njira, sayansi, kupereka yankho mafunso okhudza mmene dzina la chilengedwe mpweya wa Dziko Lapansi, kodi katundu ndi makhalidwe - ndi meteorology. Asayansi akufufuza osati m'mlengalenga, komanso kuwunika kusintha ake mosalekeza zimene zimakhudza nyengo ndi nyengo.

M'mlengalenga ndi tanthauzo lake

Kufunika kwa mpweya envelopu dziko zolimba kwambiri Musaone. Patapita mphindi zowerengeka popanda mpweya patsogolo kwa imfa ya chikumbumtima, hypoxia ndipo sizingasinthe ubongo. zikomo yokha zikuchokera zozizwitsa za chikhalidwe cha zamoyo mungawapange mpweya wofunikira kwa iwo.

Komanso, thumba mpweya kuteteza padziko lathuli ku cheza zoipa dziko. Komabe, m'mlengalenga umadutsa okwanira kuchuluka kwa kuwala ultraviolet, amene umafunda dziko lapansi. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti kuchepa mu UV kuchepetsa kutentha akukhudzidwira ndi yozizira koopsa. Komanso, mchikakamizo cha dzuwa (zedi wololera) opangidwa vitamini mu zimakhala khungu la D. anthu

Ozoni ndi phindu lake

Mu stratosphere, pa msinkhu wa 12-50 Km from padziko lapansi, ozoni. Mbali imeneyi ya m'mlengalenga anapeza mu 1912 asayansi French wa Fabry ndi Buisson.

Mpweya umene ndi mpweya colorless ndi Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo khalidwe. Amakhala maatomu atatu ndi oxygen. Mbali imeneyi ya gasbag ndi kuteteza nthaka danga cheza choopsa.

Mwatsoka, chifukwa patsogolo luso ndi mafakitale, chinawonjezeka kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoipa, zimene pang'onopang'ono wawononga ozoni a Dziko Lapansi mu m'chimake mpweya. Otchedwa Mpweya umene dzenje - vuto loopsa kwambiri.

Kuwononga mpweya wa: zotsatira kutentha ndi asidi mvula

Mwatsoka, zonse mpweya, umene uli makamaka chifukwa makampani patsogolo kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kulemera. Kusintha oopsa monga otchedwa zotsatira kutentha. chakuti matupi apadziko lapansi zimatulutsa makamaka infuraredi timaganiza sipekitiramu - sangathe nthawi zonse mkatikati mwa m'mlengalenga. Kuwonjezera ndende ya mpweya woipa kuti kuyamwa cheza infuraredi (nthunzi ya madzi, mpweya woipa), tidzapeza apamwamba okwana kutentha mpweya m'mlengalenga m'munsi chifukwa amakhudza nyengo.

Acid mvula - zotsatira zina za mafakitale mpweya lapansi m'chimake. The oxides a sulfa ndi asafe imatulutsidwa mu mlengalenga ndi zomera matenthedwe mphamvu, magalimoto, zomera zitsulo ndi zina mabungwe zina anachita ndi mpweya nthunzi - mchikakamizo cheza dzuwa anapanga zidulo amene amagwa pamodzi ndi precipitates ena.