Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich: yonena, banja, zilandiridwenso

Today dzina la Mstislav Rostropovich - dzina la mmodzi wa oimba kwambiri maphunziro a za m'ma XX. Iye osati anali wolemera talente mwapadera kuchita, koma iye anali munthu wa mfundo zotsutsana ndi malamulo a dongosolo wankhanza wa USSR. Pa Rostropovich anachotsedwa dziko. Kumadzulo, iye anasankha ntchito ya kalasi dziko, kenako anabwerera kwawo, kumene chikominisi wagwa.

ubwana

Tsogolo wochititsa ndi cellist Mstislav Rostropovich anabadwa pa March 27 , 1927 ku Baku. Makolo ake ndi agogo anali oimba, kotero tsogolo la mwana kumatanthauza ngakhale Asanabadwe. Mu 1932-1937 gg. Rostropovich anaphunzira ku Sukulu Gnessin mu Moscow. Zinali imodzi yabwino nyimbo sukulu ya dziko.

Ndi isanayambike nkhondo ku likulu la dziko, anayamba kuthawa Unyinji wa anthu wamba. Ine ndiri mu izo, ndi Rostropovich 14 wazaka. Wambiri wochititsa anali wolumikizana ndi mzinda wa Chkalov (Orenburg). The achoke anafa bambo Mstislav, ndipo mwana anakhala de A facto mutu wa banja. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu adayamba kuphunzitsa pa m'deralo nyimbo sukulu ndipo motero kudyetsa banja.

Ndiyeno panali ntchito zoyamba ufulu zidalembedwa Rostropovich. Wambiri wamng'ono Wolemba zinali zodzaza ndi chilengedwe cha ndakatulo kwa cello, limba concerto ndi Preludes limba. Pa nkhondo, woimba anakhala woyendera wojambula. Iye wachita ndi oimba wa Maly Theatre, kuchita ntchito ndi Tchaikovsky. Rostropovich anaperekanso kukaimba mayunitsi asilikali, zipatala, malo chigawo ndi minda.

mapangidwe

Mu zaka 16, woimba, anaimba ku likulu ku Moscow Conservatory, pamene iye anayamba kuphunzira luso la kuimba cello ndi luso ankalemba. mphunzitsi Wake atautembenuzira Umuna Kozolup. Nthawi yomweyo anaona amaona kuti Amabisa Rostropovich. Wambiri woimba akanatha wapita mosiyana akadakhala kuti anaonekera mu khutu ndi wovuta Kozolupov manja.

The inali Rostropovich anakumana ndi Shostakovich ndipo anamuonetsa zigoli wa limba wake concerto ndipo anachita izo momveka. Wotchedwa Dmitry anayamikira khama la wasukuluyo ndipo anamupempha kuchita payekha kusintha compositional.

Komabe, patapita Rostropovich ndipo sanali nyimbo zake. chifukwa linali losavuta. Pamene anamva koyamba Eighth Symphony wa Shostakovich amene amapangidwa chidwi chachikulu pa iye, cellist anaganiza kukoka pulagi pa analilemba m'tsogolo, pozindikira kuti sakadachita afike mlingo mbuye. Mwina anali kukokomeza unyamata, koma zochita zake Rostropovich analandira. Nthawi wasonyeza kuti anasankha bwino, chifukwa dziko lonse mukumukumbukira iye monga wojambula wapadera ndi inimitable.

pulofesa

Mu 1945, anangomulambalala yotsatira Onse-Union mpikisano oimba wamng'ono. Ine mphoto iwo analandira Mstislav Rostropovich. Wambiri cellist chinali mphoto choyamba, ngakhale pamene moyo wake iye anali chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo. kupambana Izi walola chachiwiri ophunzira a chaka kupita mwachindunji wachisanu. Mu 1950, woimba wamng'ono anapambana mpikisanowo dzina lake Hanuš Wigan, unachitikira ku Prague.

Panthawiyo iye anali kale maphunziro pasukulu ndi maphunziro kusukulu. Rostropovich ali mwamsanga ndi chidwi ndi mphunzitsi osiririka. zaka 26 iye ankagwira ntchito ku Moscow Conservatory ndi zaka 7 - mu Leningrad. Kwa zaka zitatu, Mstislav Rostropovich anaphunzira zambiri akatswiri dziko kalasi. Ena mwa iwo anali Natalya Shahovskaya, Natalia Gutman, Iosif Feygelson Sergei Roldugin, David Geringas, Maris Villeruša Ivan Monighetti ndi zina zotero .. Ambiri mwa ophunzira awa kenako iwowo anakhala aphunzitsi pa ambiri mabungwe odziwika bwino nyimbo padziko lonse.

zilandiridwenso Rostropovich

Kodi anakumbukira monga yoimba Mstislav Rostropovich? The woimba ndinkasewera ndi repertoire yaikulu ntchito. ntchito yake zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Choyamba, inali cellist Rostropovich (ensemblist ndi soloist), ndipo kachiwiri - ndi symphonic ndi operatic kondakitala. talente yake anamuzindikira konsekonse - ntchito za 60 Oimba yabwino ya dziko ndalemba makamaka Mstislava Leopoldovicha. Choyamba anachita oposa zana ntchito kwa cello napatsa wina oketsra 70 Premier. Monga wochititsa Rostropovich anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu wake mu 1957, pamene akuwatsogolera pa Bolshoi Theatre anali anagulitsa "Eugene Onegin" ndi Tchaikovsky. Zinali bwino loti.

Mu nthawi Soviet ntchito yake, cellist Rostropovich chachitika mu Soviet Union. Anachitanso monga chipinda woimba mu gulu loyimba ndi Davidom Oystrahom ndi Svyatoslavom Rihterom. Mkazi, wojambula anakhala kuimba Galina Vishnevskaya. Rostropovich zambiri ankalankhula naye pa siteji yomweyo, m'munsili mkazi wake. Mu 1951, kondakitala analandira Stalin Prize mu 1965 - Lenin, ndipo mu 1966 anayamba Chithunzi Anthu a USSR.

chitetezo Solzhenitsyn

Mstislav Rostropovich, wina moyo wakhala anagwirizana ndi zosiyanasiyana abwenzi, sanaope afotokozere za boma lopondereza ngakhale iye anali pachiswe udindo wake. Mu 1969, Wolemba kutetezedwa ku dacha wake ukapolo wolemba Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Ndi nthawi akanakhalabe zakale za Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda ndi boma Brezhnev anayamba poizoni woyambitsa "Tsiku lina mu Ivana Denisovicha" komanso ntchito otchuka a msasa.

Woimba, osati waphimba pa Solzhenitsyn, komanso analemba motetezera kalata yake yotseguka, amene anatumiza kwa waukulu Soviet nyuzipepala "Pravda". Kenako, cellist Rostropovich anali ndi mavuto ambiri. Akuluakulu sanamulole kuchita ndi oimba zazikulu sankandilola wokaona kunja. Atolankhani anayamba kunyalanyaza cellist. Ndipotu, iye anakhala munthu wotayika boma Soviet ndi mdani aliuma.

Moyo mu USA

Mu 1974, Mstislav Rostropovich ndi mkazi wake Galina Vishnevskaya, anathamangitsidwa USSR. Mu 1978, iwo Ankawaphwanyira nzika Soviet. Mbiri yonse ya opals kwambiri woimba anayamba ndi kalata lotseguka kwa "choonadi". Ngakhale atagwa chikominisi ndi kubwerera ku demokalase Rostropovich Russia mafunso, iye anati iye akukhulupirira kuti manja Poteteza Solzhenitsyn ndi chinthu chopambana kuti tichite mu moyo wanga, kotero ndendende mmene kuyanjanitsidwa kondakitala ndi chikumbumtima chake.

Atachoka Soviet Union, ndi woimba ndi banja lake ankakhala makamaka mu United States. Iye anali bambo wa ana aakazi awiri. Olga ndi Elena Rostropovich anabadwa mu 50s ndi ana anachoka kwawo. Mu 1977-1994 gg. kondakitala anatsogolera Washington National Symphony Orchestra. Pakatha zaka zinayi timu unachita pa mwambo wotsegulira mutsogoleli US. Rostropovich anachita zonse pa Gala konsati odzipereka kwa wodzilamulira Tsiku 4 wa July. Komanso chachitika padziko lonse. Pa pempho la wachita ndi oimba zikuluzikulu France, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Japan ndi zina zotero. D.

nyenyezi dziko

chikumbutso ake 60 Rostropovich anakumana ku Washington. Mu 1987, pa nthawi ya tsiku ili ku likulu la US ndinkakhala nalo ndi First World Congress wa cellists. Ndiye Ronald Reagan anapereka wochititsa apamwamba boma mphoto - ndi Zikho Ufulu. Rostropovich anafika ngakhale Mfumukazi Elizabeth II.

The woimba anali ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu extroverted ndi wokonda zosangalatsa umene umaoneka. M'zaka za kutchuka dizzying kunja anagula ndi zedi cha abwenzi udindo wapamwamba ndi anzawo. Pa tsiku lobadwa KUSONKHANITSA wake dziko lonse osankhika nyimbo. Rostropovich anali abwenzi a Picasso, Chagall, Dali, Galich ndi Brodsky. Mu 1994, pamene wochititsa analengeza kuchotsa mogwirizana ndi Washington National Symphony Orchestra adakhalabe lalikulu Gala zoimbaimba. Letters chiyamiko anatumiza Rostropovich onse mapulezidenti American, ndi amene anakumana nawo pa "ofesi" wake: Carter, Reagan, Chitsamba Choyaka ndi Clinton.

Woimba ndi nzika

Mu West, Rostropovich anatchuka kwambiri osati woimba consummate, komanso womenya ufulu wa anthu. Nthawi zambiri iye kukaimba m'madera makamaka yovuta dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1989, maestro ankaimba Bach cello zipinda zazikulu zokhala pa Khoma Berlin. Mu 1974, iye anapambana mphoto, amaitcha kuti iye ndi League of Human Rights.

Pakali pano, vuto mu dziko lasintha. Mu Soviet Union anayamba kulamulira chiongoko latsopano panjira ya kusintha. Mu 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev zimafika chigamulo chimene Rostropovich ndi Vishnevskaya mosatsata mphoto unzika ndi maulemu. Komabe, woimba kuti mutsalire "nzika ya dziko." Iye sadatenga kumbuyo nzika Soviet ndipo kenako Russia. Mu 1991, pamene awonongedwa otsiriza a dziko Soviet reactionaries ankachitika chiwembu putsch, makamaka ku Paris Rostropovich anaulukira kwa Moscow ndipo anagwirizana khamu kutetezera White House.

anapitiriza ntchito

Mu nineties ndi ziro, woimba anapitiriza wokaona. Rostropovich cello adawomba m'mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lonse. Pamene wochititsa, iye wachita ndi "Mfumukazi Spades" mu San Francisco, ndi "Mkwatibwi Tsar a" - mu Monte Carlo, ndi "Lady Macbeth" - mu Munich. The woimba wakhala kamodzinso anayamba kukaimba Russia. Mu 1996 iye anachita pa Bolshoi Theatre ndi "Khovanshchina".

Rostropovich zambiri omwe zoimbaimba wailesi. Mu 2003, analandira mphoto yake atsopano "Grammy". nthawi iyi, iye anali wolemekezeka -. "moyo mu zolemba" ndi "aatali ntchito" Total Mstislav anakhala wopambana "Grammy" mphoto kasanu. Kwa ntchito yake, otsutsa taonera virtuosity, kutengeka, kudzoza ndi kukongola chigulu cha masewera maestro.

Fund ndi Rostropovich Festival

Monga mphunzitsi wa wochititsa mu 2004 anatsegula sukulu ku Valencia, pamene ankaphunzitsa luso kwambiri nyimbo. M'gulu cellist luso zimaoneka m'ntchito yake mosatopa ndiponso chilengedwe zikondwerero latsopano. Zinthu zimenezi kulola kutsegula mayina atsopano aluso achinyamata aluso kwa dziko. Masiku ano, pokumbukira woimba kwambiri Rostropovich Chikondwerero inadzachitika chaka chilichonse.

Kondakitala anakhala pulezidenti wa thumba lake. ndalama zake anapita kuthandiza ophunzira wamphatso. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mu Russia panali maphunziro atsopano ndipo amapereka kwa ana oimba. Today mochedwa bambo Music Fund walunjika ndi Olga Mstislavovna Rostropovich.

thandizo mankhwala

Monga wofuna kuthandiza munthu, Rostropovich anatchuka kwambiri komanso ntchito yake thandizo ku mabungwe mankhwala a Russia. Chochitachi nawo komanso kuchita "lachifundo Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation." Masiku ano, lotsogoledwa ndi mwana wamkazi wa wojambula Elena Rostropovich.

Mu 2000, gulu anayamba kukhazikitsa dongosolo katemera ana motsutsana a chiwindi B. Pa nthawi imeneyo, koyamba Mutachita zimenezi kuyambira kugwa Soviet.

imfa

Mu 2006, atolankhani anaonekera zambiri za kuwonongeka kwa thanzi Mstislava Leopoldovicha. The woimba opaleshoni, unachitikira ku Geneva, Switzerland. Mu December, wochititsa anali m'chipatala atabwerera Moscow ku Voronezh.

Pa m'chipatala, adakhalako miyezi itatu. Pasanapite atachoka mu March, ndi maestro anati zaka 80 m'banja. mpake wake anayamikira wotchuka nyimbo shopu anzake, andale, otchuka pagulu ndi anzanu akale. Nkosafuna chikondwerero unachitikira mu Moscow Kremlin. Posachedwa Rostropovich chikhalidwe anakula kachiwiri. April 27, 2007, iye anamwalira. Pambuyo pa imfa ya nthano mu Moscow Rostropovich Music Festival chimachitika chaka chilichonse.

Kuzindikila

Rostropovich anali membala wa French Academy of Tirhana, Academy of Sciences ndi luso, ndi Royal Academy of Music mu England, etc. Mu oposa 50 mayunivesite woimba anakhala katswiri, ndipo ambiri m'mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi - .. An nzika aulemu. France linapereka iye Legiyo Ulemu, ndi Japan Association of Art chikondwerero kulenga wochititsa ya mfumu Prize. boma la Britain mwachita Knight aulemu Rostropovich.

Mu US, ndi woimba analandira Zikho Pulezidenti, mu Sweden - dongosolo "kumalo ozizira Star". Onse Kitty ake mphoto boma anali ochokera m'mayiko 29. Madzulo a tsiku 80th wa Rostropovich analandira Russian mphoto "Pakuti Services ku digiri Lathu» Ine.