Museum wa moto chitetezo m'mizinda Russian. Mbiri ya chitetezo moto

Mwa ngozi kupezeka mavuto Lazaro, moto kwambiri kawirikawiri, monga kwa zaka maziko midadada kwa omwe adamangidwa m'matauni ndi kumanga kumidzi Komanso ndakhala nkhuni. Pakuti uchimo chifukwa anthu kubwera pansi koposa, kapena anaonekera pa woyang'anira munthu, koma anali kumenyana nawo nthawi zonse, ndi mbiri ya chitetezo moto ndi limodzi ochokera m'mbiri ya dziko lathu.

Museum, kuwauza za polimbana moto

Za kuti, nanga anali chitukuko cha malonda moto mu Russia, anauza padzuwa kwa zakale lonse dziko chitetezo moto. Yaikulu ya iwo, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1957, ili mu Moscow Durov msewu. M'zipinda cha nyumbayi lili zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kuti recreate mbiri kumenyana moto kuchokera nthawi ya Ivan m'khutu masiku ano.

No zochepa chidwi ndi Moto Service Museum ku St. Petersburg, yomwe ili Bolshoy Chiyembekezo VO, d. 73. Ngakhale kuti review mbiri ya malonda moto limafotokoza nyengo kuyambira angapo zaposachedwapa ─ nthawi ya Peter I kukhudzana ake komanso chidwi kwambiri ndipo zimakhala angapo zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho wapadera. Komanso, moto brigade owonetsera zakale unakhazikitsidwa Samara, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo ndipo Krasnodar. Aliyense wa iwo muli zofunika kuphimba chitukuko cha osati utumiki za moto, komanso pofuna kuthana ndi moto mu Russia.

Ambiri, khamu la moto chitetezo cha zinthu zochititsa chidwi ku Moscow, St. Petersburg ndiponso mizinda ina ya dziko ndi mbiri yakale yachokera ndalama kulola kuti recreate chithunzi cha mmene Russia kuyambira kale anayesetsa kukaniza iwo amapita masoka moto.

malamulo Wamkulu Koposa umalimbana kumenyana moto

Mbiri ya chitetezo moto, umene anapeza chinyezimiro chake mu zikalata zomwe zilipo archival, kunayamba ndi nambala ya malamulo operekedwa ndi Grand Duke wa Moscow, Ivan III ─ agogo Ivana Groznogo, pambuyo m'khutu moto amene anawononga likulu mu 1472.

Zonsezi wotsatira malamulo, kuwala mu nthawi ya Romanovs, mosamalitsa analamula m'mizinda (makamaka likulu) kumanga kutali zedi nyumba mwala ndi kumanga iwo mu sefa moto ubale mtunda Chrixitu.

Komanso, anatchulapo zinthu zingapo njira zina umalimbana kuteteza moto. Mokhudzana ndi amachirikiza malangizo apamwamba, ndipo makamaka amene amachititsa moto, envisaged chilango chachikulu kwambiri.

Koma bwanji anawakwapula m'madera nzika mosemphana ndi lamulo lachifumu amadzinenera kuphika chakudya kunyumba miyezi otentha yotentha ndi moto pa malo, ndi wosatha Russian "mwina" nthawi akanagonjetsa malamulo zofunika chitetezo moto. Chifukwa, moto masoka zina anatenga kufanana kotero mantha kuti anawononga mizinda yonse.

moto zoopsa zaka zapitazi

Wokwanira amatchula zochitika ochepa kuti ndikuuzeni kukhudzana ndi pafupifupi onse zakale izi moto chitetezo ─ ngati mavuto aakulu iwo anali mu moyo wa boma. Choyamba, iwo unali moto mu 1212 kuti awonongeke mwa ena monga maola ochepa a 4300 mayadi wa Veliky Novgorod. kuwazunzawo anali pafupifupi zikwi anthu.

Mu 1354 moto chinapululutsa Moscow, maola awiri inasanduka kusonkhezera phulusa osati boma la Russia komanso mabusa yozungulira. Mofanana zoopsa unali likulu ndi moto kumene kunachitika mu 1547. Kenako m'moto wake anapha anthu zikwi zingapo Mpandowachifumu Choyamba.

Kubadwa kwa utumiki Russian moto

Yankho n'kovuta zinthu mafunde, wakhala chilengedwe cha brigades wapadera moto mu Russia. Iwo anali woyamba kukhazikika pa maziko a chikalata yapangidwa 1649 ndi nawo Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ndi mutu wakuti "Malangizo mzinda deanery." Pa makonzedwe ake, mizinda yonse yaikulu mu dziko ndi brigades moto akatswiri, amene mamembala linalipiridwa malipilo lokhazikika.

Lamuloli yomweyo analamula anthu ogwira ntchito brigades moto, kuwonjezera kuchititsa ntchito maola anayi, kupanga njira muyeso zopatuka mkati m'madera awo ndikupeza ophwanya zotheka malamulo othetsera moto. Komanso, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich satumikiridwa ndi chilengedwe cha njira kuthana ndi moto ndipo analamula kuti ntchito imeneyi chubu cholinga vodopolivnye anakhala zinachitika pa hoses lero.

Mbali zatsopano za chitukuko ya usilikali moto

Zaka za ulamuliro Peter Ine zinali nthawi imene bungwe la chitetezo moto wauka kwa mlingo watsopano. Makamaka, wakhala akweza moto kumenyana zida zitsanzo zambiri zimene Mfumu mwapadera anagula kunja. Uyamiko kwa Iye, kutaya firefighters Russian anali mapampu choyamba, wangwiro ndi manja chikopa ndi mizinga zamkuwa m'madzi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo pa Admiralty St. Petersburg, Russia yoyamba ozimitsa moto unakhazikitsidwa. Mu Moscow, nthawi zonse moto utumiki anaonekera ndi mochedwa. Watsimikiza chilengedwe chake anapereka Alexander I mu 1804 chokha.

Moto Chitetezo cha m'ma XIX

Mfumu lotsatira, Nicholas, amene anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1825, anaonetsetsa kuti utumiki zonse moto watha kukhala zambiri St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Pamene iwo pafupifupi m'madera onse akuluakulu a dziko anaonekera kwa nkhondo ozimitsa moto.

Mbali yaikulu iliyonse siteshoni moto, nsanja, nthawi zambiri, anakhala Nyumba yaitali ya mzinda, amene kotheka kusunga midzi yonse yozungulira. Mu nkhani ya moto pa izo anakweza mbendera ndi chizindikiro mipira wapadera, kuchuluka kwa omwe anali mwachindunji njila kwa kukula kwa chitsime cha moto.

Izo zinali zabwino zothandizira ndi nthawi ndi zida moto nkhondo. Ambiri mwa zitsanzo wake wapachiyambi Tingaone mu Moscow Museum chitetezo moto, komanso zisudzo maofesi ena ofanana. M'zaka za m'ma XIX akonzekeretse m'madipatimenti moto ndi zida zina zofunika ntchito ndi kukhazikitsidwa mu Moscow ndi St. Petersburg makampani bungwe yopanga mapampu osati moto ndi hoses kwa iwo, komanso zipangizo zonse okhudzana: lopinda makwerero, gaffs ndi zodzitetezera wofunikila moto omenyana.

Old moto zipewa chikalata pa XIX ndi XX m'ma, ndi lingaliro singasiyanitsidwe pafupifupi zakale omumvera ofanana. Mbali yaikulu ya exposures awo ndi chithunzithunzi kuti adalowa ntchito mwamsanga siteshoni moto ankagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto, zomwe m'malo yokokedwa.

miyeso moto kumenyana chinajambulidwa ndi Bolsheviks

Mu St. Petersburg Museum chitetezo moto malo apadera zapatsidwa kwa bungwe kumenyana moto mu zaka pambuyo zisinthe. Pali anapereka zikalata pachiyambi, kuwauza za kukhazikitsidwa mu April 1918, Commissariat chitetezo ndi moto nkhondo. Iye anakhala mutu wake woyamba M. T. Elizarov.

Zikomo kuti khama lake m'dzikoli modzipereka kumanga maukonde kwambiri okwerera moto, zida ndi zipangizo zatsopano za nthawi. Chaka chotsatira, boma ena amene kulimbikitsa brigades moto Atengedwa. Dongosolo la Commissars Anthu a dongosolo la NKVD, ndi gulu lamphamvu kwambiri mu nthawi anakhazikitsa ku Central Division, anatsogolera kasamalidwe ntchito moto kudutsa dziko.

Mbiri ya nkhondoyo moto mu nyengo ya Soviet

Mu 1924 mu Leningrad anatsegula moto koleji choyamba, amene anayambitsa chilengedwe cha maziko ogwira limene inakhazikitsidwa m'dzikolo dongosolo moto ulamuliro m'tsogolo. Kwambiri pa izo wotanganidwa nyumba analenga zotsatirazo kanthu za Young League Communist ndi osiyanasiyana mabungwe ogwira ncthito. Yotchuka kwambiri awa anali zaufulu moto brigades, amene nthambi anatulukira onse pa dziko.

Amunamuna tsamba anayamba panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri mu mbiri ya utumiki moto, chomwe asirikali ake akhala chapatsogolo polimbana moto. Amadziwika kuti mmodzi Leningrad, oposa 2 zikwi. Mwa iwo anapereka miyoyo yawo. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa mu May 1945 ozimitsa moto wa wopambana ulendo omaliza kudzera Red Square pamodzi ndi asilikali onse nkhondo.

Kukondwerera polemekeza anthu amunamuna ntchito

Masiku ano, utumiki moto chasanduka chipangizo dongosolo Mipikisano zinchito kuti apeze kenako kuzimitsa matumba a moto cha kapangidwe iliyonse. Mu nkhokwe zake zomwe atsopano zamakono. Mu chizindikiro ulemu kwa anthu a ntchito yoopsa, koma zofunika kwambiri nthawi zonse, boma 1999 unakhazikitsidwa ─ Russian phwando tsiku chitetezo moto.