Ndi herbarium ndi momwe kuti chiyani icho?

Chibadwire, tazunguliridwa ndi zomera. Nthawi yoyamba, ife amadabwa namkondweretsa iwo. Kenako zonse amakhala mwachizolowezi. Ngakhale choncho, iwo potidabwitsa ife.

ndi herbarium Kodi

Herbarium - magulu zomera chodabwitsa ndi zitsamba. Mawu amenewa anachokera ku mawu Latin Herba - chomera kapena udzu. Herbarium amatchedwanso bungwe, muli zitsamba zomwezi ndi zomera.

zomera awa anasonkhana makamaka, ndiye zasushivat.

Zimagwidwa zambiri anasonkhana m'chilimwe ndi autumn, pamene kotero mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera.

ofufuza pang'ono

Ana ndi sukulu kufotokoza zimene herbarium. Ophunzitsa makamaka aziwachitira ku paki munda onse, kumene mukhoza kusonkhanitsa masamba okongola a mitengo osiyana ndi zitsamba.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti ana kusonkhanitsa herbarium manja. Pambuyo ubwenzi ndi chikhalidwe malo mu mtima maganizo abwino iliyonse mwanayo. Iwo kusonkhanitsa masamba osati kokha, komanso maluwa okongola zokongola.

Pozindikira chomwe herbarium, ana kuphunzira zomera owazungulira, mmene amaoneka ndi fungo. Iwo adziwa kukula, mtundu ndi fungo.

Kuphunzira zomera bwino kuyamba ndi kutolera zambiri kapena zochepa wodziwika kwa mwana, plantain, chamomile, dandelion, masamba rowan ndi Magulu a clover, thundu tsamba, mapulo ndi zina zotero.

Odwazika ayenera kufotokoza naturalists pang'ono kuti phesi limodzi, ndi zofunika asakhudze izo: mwina ndi nyama zina, ndipo ngati kunyenga, mukhoza kuchita zoipa kwambiri.

Komanso, aphunzitsi awerengazo kupanga herbarium ndi bwino zouma, zomera kwa nthawi yaitali kusangalatsa diso, Musataye mtundu awo ndipo si kutha.

Sungani herbarium ndi ophunzira. wophunzira aliyense angapezeke mu Buku tsamba phiri phulusa kapena mapulo, kapena thundu, ndi zina zotero. Mu tsiku yozizira, kuwakumbutsa chilimwe kutentha ndi yophukira golide, kupereka ofunda ndi kusadzikondweretsa diso.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Malinga ndi kafukufuku zinachitika, m'chigawo choyamba zomera inakhazikitsidwa m'nthawi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Mu Russia, nthawi imeneyi pang'ono mochedwa - m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu.

Pa mfundo imeneyi dziko pafupifupi mazana asanu waukulu herbaria mabungwe. Anasonkhanitsa ndi kuti ziume mitundu kuposa zikwi mazana atatu a zitsamba ndi zomera.

The herbarium waukulu ali m'munda British botanical. Iwo ankakhala mu mzinda wa Kew. Pali mapepala oposa mamiliyoni asanu, pakati zomwe chomera zouma. Lalikulu Russian Botanical Institute, limene lili mumzinda wa St. Petersburg, ndi oposa mamiliyoni asanu mapepala.

Mu (mzinda Saint-Petersburg) Imperial Botanical Garden pali herbaria padziko lonse, koma ambiri Russian zomera. Nthawi zambiri, herbarium lili mitundu za zikwi zana limodzi zomera, Russian - mitundu zikwi makumi awiri anasonkhana kuchokera konsekonse Russia. Chaka zosonkhanitsira limayenda ndi zamoyo zina.

The kwambiri Swedish wasayansi Karl Linney kuyambira pa unyamata wake amakonda nyama ndi zomera. Iye wapanga zopereka zambiri za zomera, zomwe panopa pa Museum wa London. Anzake Linnaeus anagulitsa zosonkhanitsira ake England, pamene panalibe mfumu ya Sweden. Mfumu anayesa kuti abwererane ndi herbarium wapatali, koma sadathe: zombo British ananyamuka.

Collection Bunge (Russian herbarium) komanso anagulitsidwa ku France.

Kuyambira kale, anthu kusiyanitsa katundu ndi zabwino komanso zoipa za zomera, koma kusonkhanitsa zopereka zawo palibe amene anachita. Woyamba anali gerbarievedom Luca Ghini - Pisa ndi Bologna katswiri pa zomera.

Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba kusonkhanitsa herbarium Kaspar Rattsenberg. deta yake kusungidwa pa Royal Museum mu Kassel ndipo ankaona wamkulu. Lili mitundu 746 osiyana zomera.

zofunika khalidwe

chomera herbarium uyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe awa:

1. chomera ayenera zouma ndege molunjika pakati pa mapepala, pansi kufinya ena. Tisalole kuti ziume panja, mwinamwake m'mbali ndi mitsempha ya masamba ndi udzu pripodnimut, kupanga tokhala ndi kusonkhana mtanda, amene zidzayambitsa inasweka mofulumira mbewu.
2. Mu chomera ayenera kukhala ndi dzina - sayansi ndi otchuka. M'pofunika kudziwa zimene mmera zouma ndi mmodzi kapena pepala lina.
3. Ndi kuvomerezedwa kuti mwachindunji nthawi zosonkhanitsira kapena maluwa a mbewu. M'pofunika kupidziwa zosonkhanitsira anachira.
4. Malo ndi mpando m'chigawo kumathandizanso. Ndiko kuti, m'pofunika lozani dzina a m'derali, komanso limasonyeza kaya ndi dambo kapena nkhalango, dambo, kapena mwala, steppe kapena chigwa, ndi zina zotero.
5. Onani kuchuluka kwa zomera zimafuna kuti mudziwe ngati ali osowa kapena kukula kulikonse, kukula yekha kapena ngati gulu.
6. Anatsimikiza ndi nthaka imene chomera chikamakula kusanthula: loam, dongo, nthaka wakuda, dothi lofiira, mchenga kapena zina.

deta zonsezi athe kudziwa kuti zomera, momwe kuti ziume ndi sitolo m'tsogolo.

kuyanika

Kuumitsa zomera, zitsamba, masamba, maluwa ofunikira kutentha zina, pakati pa mapepala ndi ntchito psinjika. Monga atolankhani akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito magazini ya mabuku kapena miyala iliyonse. Pa pepala limodzi mukhoza Mlengi amene ali ndi zomera ochepa. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali kukhala pa chinsalu cha ulusi kapena n'kupanga pepala.

Kuumitsa bwino kwa mbeu zomera zimawathandiza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma iwo ayenera kutetezedwa kuwononga tizilombo zosiyanasiyana: nsikidzi, agulugufe, ndi zina zotero, komanso makoswe. Akapeza tizirombo izi ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Onetsetsani kuchitira zomera mpweya disulfide awiriawiri, sublimate njira kapena mothballs wamba.

Sungani herbarium zofunika kuti ziume nyengo, mwinamwake masamba ndi maluwa kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti wouma ndi sitolo. Muyenera kusonkhanitsa akugwa, theka zouma zomera, ndi musatenge kumtengo.

Pa kuyanika chomera amatenga masiku 10-14. Kuti ndondomeko imeneyi inali mofulumira, mungathe kusintha mapepala, kumene zouma udzu, kuti ziume zambiri.

Mothandizidwa ndi chitsulo ndi pepala n'zothekanso kuyanika herbarium. Koma onetsetsani kuti kuganizira kusita kutentha: chiyenera kukhala kochepa. Mwatsoka, njira imeneyi kuyanika akhoza kusintha mtundu wa nkhaniyo.

Ena mafani ntchito herbarium ndi mayikirowevu. Koma njira zimenezi zingapangitse masamba m'goli.

Pakuti kuyanika angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi glycerin wamba: chidebe ndi madzi otentha ndi glycerine choviikidwa zomera. Kumeneko iwo amathera masiku angapo. Ndiye anachotsa ndi kuika kuti ziume. Njira imeneyi iwo zouma msanga, koma amakhala bulauni.

Kuumitsa bwino kwa mbeu amalola chomera kukhala lathyathyathya ndi kupinda pansi.

Chidwi zamanja ku zouma zomera ndi maluwa

Kuti kukongola ndi zachilendo maluwa makonzedwe, mungagwiritse ntchito osati masamba muyezo ndi maluwa, komanso lalikulu masamba, mapesi, pamakhala wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, mbewu ndi nucleoli, NYENJE ndi zina zotero. Ntchito mawonekedwe omwewo ndi mtundu wa masamba, maluwa amalenga zodabwitsa symmetrical zikuchokera.

Pofuna kulimbikitsa maluwa ndi masamba ntchito PVA zomatira wothira madzi.

Ntchito nyimbo zouma angalenge zachilendo mapanelo kukongoletsa, chapadera. A iwo iye akhoza kupanga zizindikiro zosungira mabuku, Albums chithunzi.

Mwachitsanzo, kupanga gulu, muyenera kukonzekera maziko: lona, nsalu zambiri. Amakhala ndi maluwa zouma picture kuti akufotokoza zongopeka. Iwo glued maziko a. Optionally, inu akhoza kujambula izo mtundu uliwonse kapena kusiya achilengedwe. Pambuyo mapeto a dongosolo la kulenga, ndi gulu ndi anaikapo mu chimango cha.

Kuti Bookmark pa n'kupanga makatoni ali glued kuyala maluwa, makutu ndi zina zotero. Top wa zikuchokera kwa angatani fano mandala, m'mbali ndi lokhazikika.

Chifukwa mitundu yonse ya nyimbo zamaluwa analandira zinthu wapadera umene kukongoletsa malo kunyumba kapena nyumba.

A zouma maluwa, zitsamba, masamba akhoza kupanga zinthu choyambirira chimene munthu wina aliyense ali. Iwo akhoza anapachikidwa pa khoma, kuvala shelufu, koma mungapereke kwa anzathu ndi mabanja. Mosakayikira, ambiri mukufuna kulandira khadi mphatso zomangidwa ndi manja anu. Mphatso imeneyi sizidzakumbukiridwa moyo wonse ndipo kuyamikilidwa.

Chimbale luso kwa herbarium ndi

Album kunyumba mungapange m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m'pofunika kuti atenge Album pa mapepala ake anaika zinthu collectible. Zomatira n'kupanga pepala, inu mukhoza mwina kusoka ulusi. Mankhwala ena akhoza kukwera pamodzi ndi muzu, ndipo wotsatira mu thumba anaika mbewu ndi zomera nucleoli. Pa pansi kwalembedwa dzina ndi nthawi deta. Pezani herbarium chodabwitsa. Photo zomera akhoza wokwera limodzi. Pa zikuchokera anaika zikopa pepala. mapepala onse pamodzi chikwatu kapena sewn pamodzi pa konsekonse.

Games ndi ana ntchito herbarium

ndikofunika kuti mwanayo kuchita chinachake ndi manja awo. Ndipo pakuchita chotero, tiyenera kuthandiza makolo. Mwachitsanzo, kusonkhanitsa zomera ndi zitsamba akhoza kukhala chilakolako champhamvu komanso kunyada mwanayo.

Ndi zopereka za zomera, inu mukhoza kulenga masewera osiyana ana. Mwana wapatsidwa ntchitoyo kupeza mtundu wa tsamba, maluwa, mbewu ndi kumene ilo limakula. Zimakhala zitsamba osati kokha, komanso currant masamba, nkhaka, tomato, yamatcheri, kaloti, Beets ndi zina zotero. Zimenezi ndi zimene lozungulira mwana m'munda ndi m'munda.

Nagawira mndandanda wa mitundu angaperekedwe ntchito: zomwe zomera - chipatso, amene - masamba, amene - zipinda, amene - zokometsera, amene - namsongole, ndi zomwe kawirikawiri kukula mu nkhalango.

Zikhoza kugawidwa mwa mtundu, kukula, kusalala.

Pamene muli paulendo ku dziko lina muyenera kubweretsa masamba, maluwa ndi mbewu za zomera zosowa. Iwo kuti mwana kuphunzira zimene zitsamba kukula mu malo makamaka.

Uli ngati ana kujambula ndi masamba. Mwachitsanzo, utoto umagwiritsidwa kutsogolo kwa pepalalo, mbali iyi ndi unkagunda pepala pepala. Iwo stamped ndi m'mbali tsamba ndi mitsempha onse. Mwanayo amaphunzira momwe zikuwoneka kuphunzira tsamba kujambula kale ntchito mapensulo ndi inki.

Iwo akhoza kukopedwa m'njira osati masamba munthu, koma ngakhale chithunzi chonse. Ntchito masamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mukhoza kupeza storylines chidwi. Mukhozanso kuika masamba pepala, kuwaza utoto pamwamba. Ndiye kuchotsa masamba. Ife tifika silhouettes ndi speckles.

Lotto - ndi masewera osangalatsa kwambiri kwa ana. Makadi kuti n'zotheka ndi masamba zouma ndi laminated.

Herbarium mu needlework

Ena needlewoman kulenga zokongoletsera zachilendo ntchito herbarium. Photos of zinthu kudabwa ndi chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, maluwa okongola anapanga mu zisamere pachakudya silikoni, amene anadzazidwa ndi epoxy utomoni. Chirichonse zizichitidwa mosamala kuti tikhalebe mpweya. Patapita nthawi yina, utomoni wa ikamauma. The workpiece chifukwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulenga ndolo zachilendo, mphete, mikanda ndi zina zotero.

Ena ojambula zithunzi ntchito herbarium kulenga zojambula zawo. Kupeza zosiyanasiyana yaing'ono nyama, mbalame ndi zina.

Mukhozanso ntchito maluwa wouma mu mawonekedwe needlework monga decoupage.

Kodi kupanga herbarium

Amautcha, koma amafuna kuphunzira mozama dziko mbewu. Kusukulu, aphunzitsi anaphunzitsa ana kupanga herbarium. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ophunzira ayenera kumvetsa chifukwa chake muyenera ichi kapena mbewu. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa pa nkhani ya onse bwino udzu, maluwa, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Mwachitsanzo:

• namsongole;
• maluwa kukula pa kama;
• sanali edible mabulosi tchire, zitsamba ndi ena ambiri.

Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe ambiri, akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu herbarium chakudya, kukonza, ndi ena. Mwachitsanzo, mu herbarium mankhwala a zitsamba zikuphatikizapo liziwawa St. John, marjoram, mayi ndi akulera ana opeza, yarrow, celandine, ndi ena.

cholinga chachikulu

Bwino ndi mfundo zimenezi herbarium, ambiri adzazindikira chimene cholinga chachikulu cha zimenezi - kupeza mfundo zolondola pa zomera zonse kuti poyamba anali ndi osaonekanso, ndi kulili lero. Anthu ayenera kudziwa kuti zomera - anzathu, ndipo iwo ayenera kutetezedwa.

kamangidwe moyenera herbarium ndi, yosungirako wake skilful adzalola anthu ndi kusamalira za dziko.