Nzeru ntchito: chitsanzo, chitukuko, ndi kuwunika kwa moyo pachiswe. ntchito nzeru kusukulu kapena malonda

Nzeru ntchito ndi dongosolo zovuta zochita umalimbana zolinga zina mu chitukuko cha sayansi. Iwo inakula asangalatsi zochitika, deadlines ndi chuma. Bungwe nzeru otchedwa zovuta ntchito inakula nzeru komanso ntchito zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza ntchito ndi malangizowo. Pa nthawi, akukonda kwambiri ntchito nzeru ku sukulu zitsanzo za zimene anauziridwa ndi chilengedwe cha mapulogalamu atsopano maphunziro.

Mlingo wa kufunika kwa sayansi ndi luso

ntchito nzeru, ndiponso njira luso ndi malingaliro kuti iwo azindikire, amakhala milingo zotsatirazi tanthauzo sayansi ndi luso:

• wamakono (Base Technology si zimasintha kwambiri);
• nzeru (latsopano mankhwala kapangidwe losiyana kwambiri kuchokera kale);
• patsogolo (kamangidwe analengedwa ndi kutsogolera njira luso);
• mlingo upainiya (pali njira zamakono latsopano ndi zipangizo kuti kulibe pamaso).

Mlingo wa tanthauzo la polojekiti luso Mzimuyo zovuta, lonse, makamaka popititsa patsogolo ndondomeko ndi zotsatira za osewera a. Izi zimaononga okhutira kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti.

Gulu la ntchito zamanja

Iwo akhoza wachinsinsi monga ntchito nzeru motere:

1. Chikhalidwe cha zolinga:

• kutha;
• wapakatikati.

2. Mu nthawi ya kukwaniritsidwa:

• lalifupi;
• sing'anga-akuti;
• yaitali.

3. zofuna chimene chimachita polojekiti. Iwo akhoza kuika pa chilengedwe cha watsopano, kapena wosangalala zosowa.

4. Malinga ndi mtundu wa luso (kapena kulenga latsopano mankhwala kusintha, ziŵalo dongosolo kasamalidwe, etc.).

5. Malinga ndi digiri ya zochita akhoza kukhala ndi makhalidwe amenewa:

• kampani;
• dera;
• makampani;
• Federal International.

6. Malinga lonse la ntchito:

• monoproekty - ntchito kuti akutsatiridwa ndi kampani imodzi mu aakulu chimango ndalama ndi nthawi, ndipo ndi cholinga wapadera luso la;
• multiproject - mapulogalamu zovuta umalimbana zolinga zovuta;
• Mega-ntchito - mapulogalamu Mipikisano cholinga kuti kuphatikiza angapo multiproetov zimene zikukhudza limodzi cholinga slozhnodostizhimoy.

Aliyense ntchito udzadutsa magawo ena a chitukuko kuchokera pa chiyambi mpaka kumapeto. zawo ndipamene ake mkombero moyo. Izo zikhoza kugawidwa mu magawo, awo - mu sitepe, kenako - pang'onopang'ono. Iwo ikhoza kusintha kutengera gulu la dongosolo la ntchito ndi ntchito.

Development wa polojekiti ndi nzeru

Polenga ntchito nzeru ndi pansi chitukuko, kukhazikitsa ndi kutsiriza. M'pofunikanso powasamalira njira yakuti:

• mapangidwe malingaliro;
• mipata kafukufuku;
• yokonza zikalata za mapeto a mgwirizano;
• yokonza zikalata kuti kalembera wa polojekitiyo
• ntchito pa kukhazikitsa dongosolo;
• kuwunika zizindikiro zachuma.

Pa gawo chitukuko kulabadira bwino ndi mphamvu ya polojekiti. Pankhaniyi, mfundo za kukhalako kwake mu nthawi iyi si zofunika kwambiri. Pakuti iwo luso kwambiri makamaka, mpikisano, chitetezo ndi kupezeka kwa setifiketi chiphatso. Komanso, ntchito zamanja amafuna ndalama ya ndalama allocated bwino za bizinesi.

Kukhazikitsa ntchito nzeru

mabungwe ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magwero mkati ndi kunja kwa ndalama nthawi yomweyo. magwero Internal ndi ndalama zawo anapanga makamaka kugulitsa katundu kapena inshuwalansi Sumy, depreciation ndi amortization. Kunja magwero ndalama monga anawuka ndipo anabwereka ndalama, komanso ndalama ku bajeti dera kapena boma.

kuopsa

ntchito nzeru ndi mapulogalamu ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chifukwa ndalama. Pachifukwa ichi, ndiAmene awo mosapita kuwunika mphamvu zawo. The wokongola kwambiri mapulogalamu ndalama Cholinga chake kulimbikitsa yomalizidwa mankhwala luso. Ntchito zokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa umisiri watsopano umene amapereka chiopsezo lalikulu kwambiri, chifukwa kwambiri yovuta kwambiri kuti akonze mfundo malonda.

Mavuto ndi ndalama uka kukachitika kuti ntchito ndi yosatha siteji exploratory kafukufuku. Khalidwe lawo ali Mwina mkulu yodalirika chifukwa negative.

Gawo chiopsezo

Kuopsa ntchito ndi luso ndi chosadziwika, potsata zochita anatengedwa ndi kukhazikitsa awo ikuchitika patapita kanthawi. Part zosankha ntchito ndi kuwunika pa ngozi. Kwa gulu lawo, ndi bwino kutsatira mfundo ya chipika, amene amasamalila Kugawilidwa kwanthaka siyana chiopsezo, magulu, ndi mitundu ina ya kuopsa kwa ntchito zamanja akhoza wachinsinsi motere .:

• Predictability mbali: anaoneratu ndi zosayembekezereka.
• Ndi kukhalapo kwa dala.
• Malinga ndi nthawi ya kudziwika.
• Pa malo malo.
• Mu njira kudziwika.
• Chifukwa cha maonekedwe.
• Malinga ndi maonekedwe a perpetrators ndi.
• Kwa nthawi ya zochitika.
• Mwayi inshuwalansi.
• Malinga ndi njira reparation.
• Magawo kwa ndondomekoyi.
• Malinga ndi zikhalidwe za ulimi.
• Pa mitengo lokhazikika.

Kuwunika chiopsezo ntchito nzeru chofunika kudziwa mlingo wa kafukufuku wa sayansi, kugwilizana pulogalamu msika kampani strategy ndi malonda. Gawo, kuwunika ndi kuphunzira kuopsa chofunika angayendetsere iwo.

Iganizireni mphamvu ya polojekiti ndi nzeru

Mphamvu ya mtundu wa polojekiti mawu a ophunzira ake angathe kudziwa magawo yoyenera chifukwa chotenga. Iwo ayenera kuonanso ziyenera ake pa mbali ya yunivesite nzeru, zomwe ndi udindo kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi, komanso kukopa ophunzira ena ndi ndalama zina. Iganizireni mphamvu ya polojekiti ndi nzeru mfundo zotsatirazi:

• ntchito mitengo misonkhano, chuma, katundu, omwe amaperekedwa ndi ntchito kapena akhazikika pa msika;
• utuluke ndalama ayenera kuchita masamu mu ndalama yemweyo, amene amaperekedwa ndi pulogalamu kulipira katundu ndi chuma kugula, kenako adzakhala pa mlingo panopa ikumasuliridwa rubles Russian;
• kuwerengetsera ayenera kuganizira ndalama nkhani ndalama ndi kupatula zinthu, komanso kutsatira chiwembu ndalama zoyendetsera polojekitiyo
• ayenera kuganizira zopereka ndalama zina zapadera komanso ndalama movutikira kwa iwo.

Mu ndondomeko ya kuwerengetsa Mwachangu zokhudza kampani, ayenera kuganizira ndalama, mosasamala kaya ali nazo kapena yobwereka. Malipiro pa ngongole adzakhala anatchula outflows, ndipo akutenga ndalama - makhwawa.

Chitsanzo cha polojekiti ndi nzeru zochokera mphamvu ya chiopsezo

Iwo ayenera kuganizira kukula kwa ntchito ndi nzeru potengera ziyenera a nchito zake. Mwachitsanzo tikhoza kutenga chitsanzo cha ntchito ya "EkoZdrav". Kampani akuchita ntchito yake mu mzinda wa Krasnoyarsk. polojekiti Cholinga pa ulimi ndi malonda a sanali reagent ndi bezkartridzhnyh makhazikitsidwe, amene anafuna kuti mankhwala ya kumwa ndipo zinyalala madzi. Pa nthawi alibe analogues.

Kuyambirira kufufuza msika anasonyeza kuti zomera zimenezi ndi wamkulu mokwanira. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kumayambitsa 25 000 zidutswa, lomwe ndi limodzi la magawo khumi la ogula onse angathe. Kuchokera pa zimenezi, kampaniyo akufuna kukhazikitsa unsembe wa mayunitsi 10 chikwi. Pachaka, zingakhale zomveka ndithu.

Kuonanso mphamvu tipeze ukonde phindu pano (NPV) ntchito mlingo wa kukula kwa mitengo ndi Uwerenge zolemeletsedwa ndalama pafupifupi likulu (WACC). Chilinganizo awa akuti:

WACC = (E / K) * Y + (D / K) * b * (1-T),

kumene E - chilungamo likulu, D - ngongole kuchuluka kwa likulu, K ndi ndalama likulu padera, Y - Nkosatheka kubwerera pa chilungamo, b - pafupifupi profitability likulu owonjezera, T - msonkho ndalama pa phindu.

chithunzi adzakhala kampani:

WACC = (188/2000) * 0,72 + (1812/2000) * 0,28 * (1-0.2) = 0,270624

Ngati inu kutenga ndalama kufufuma wa 7%, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi ya chitukuko cha polojekiti, inu mukhoza kutenga kuchotsera yofunika 0,340624.

Mu ndondomekoyi, voliyumu ya phindu kungachititse kuti 448060 rubles. M'chaka choyamba, 3229925 rubles. - wachiwiri, ndi 3919425 rubles. - wachitatu. Iwo ayenera kuchita masamu Mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro, potengera zomwe imawunikidwa mphamvu ya polojekiti luso.

Net pano mtengo masamu kwa zaka zitatu (NPV):

NPV1 = 448060 / 1.340624- 2000000 = - 1665782,5

NPV2 = 448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / (1,340624) ^ 2 - = 2000000 131343,21

Msungidwe profitability index (PI):

PI = (448060 / 1,340624 + 3229925 / 〖(1.340624)〗 ^ 2) / 2000000 = 2131343,21 / 2000000 = 1,0656

Internal mlingo adzabweranso (IRR):

IRR = r_1 + NPV (r_1) / (NPV (r_1) - NPV (r_2)) (r_2-r_1)

Mtengo wa likulu akutengedwa r1 20%.

Ndiye IRR = 0,3 + 255859,8 / (255859,8- 131343,21) (0.340624-0.3) = 0,383475

Ndizachidziwikire kuti masamu mlingo wa kubwerera kuposa mtengo wa likulu. Choncho, kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi nzeru ndi zotheka.

ntchito nzeru mu ntchito

Pakali pano, ntchito zamanja mu ntchito bwinobwino kugonjetsa dziko msika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ogula ano si mophweka kusangalatsa. Ngati kampani adzabwereza Otsutsa ake m'kupita akangosiya kutchuka kwake. Pachifukwa ichi, ntchito iliyonse ukusowa zaluso. Best wa onse, ngati izo ziri ntchito kwenikweni nzeru, osati Sinthani njira zamakono akale, mankhwala misonkhano.

anthu padziko lonse ali mwachangu kusinthidwa ndi chitukuko cha za sayansi ndi luso dera. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi, malonda amafuna chisamaliro. Komanso, luso kuzindikira ndi anthu. Ngati iwo sadzayanjidwa ayambe ntchito zamanja, chitsanzo chimene wasonyeza ogula izo Sindizakubweretsanso phindu.

Ntchito zaluso malonda

Tikumbukenso kuti luso pa malonda amafuna ndithu aluntha, ndalama ndi ntchito ndalama. Komanso, kufunika aganyali osati kapangidwe komanso kampani. Luso pa malonda akhonza kukhala luso, bwana, utsogoleri, chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka gulu.

Pakati pa ntchito yaikulu nzeru za mtundu uwu angatchedwe computerization. Iwo kuthandiza kulenga m'munsi kusamba, kugwira kuphedwa kwa ndalama pa Intaneti, ntchito kompyuta ntchito ndi kutumiza makalata. Komanso, wazamalonda adzatha kulenga webusaiti malonda kapena sitolo Intaneti.

Choncho, mtundu wa ntchito mu ntchito kulola patsogolo citukuko, ntchito, malonda, ndi zina zotero. Komanso, ndondomeko ndi wosalira kwambiri ndi nthawi zochepa wonyeketsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bizinesiyo ndi profitability wamkulu.

ntchito nzeru kusukulu

makolo nthawi zambiri akafunsa kuti, kumene kutumiza ana awo kusukulu, sukulu ku sekondale. Ambiri a iwo anatsimikiza msanga, koma lingaliro la "luso sukulu" chifukwa kawirikawiri bwino. Ngakhale, mabungwe zamakono zonse maphunziro angatchedwe amenewa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ambiri a sukulu ndi zogwirizana luso.

Sikuti kupereka mwana mu sukulu yatsopanoyi, pambuyo pa zonse, kosamalira miyambo zagwiridwa ndi nzeru ntchito yophunzitsa. Komabe, iwo idzafotokoza mapangidwe luso ana kudzimvera kuphunzira.

Ntchito umisiri wotsogola m'kalasi limakupatsani payekha kusankha pulogalamu ya kuphunzira kwa mwana aliyense, amene amakhudza zabwino pa mphamvu zake. Komanso, ana ndi mwachangu kuphunzira zambiri, kuti akhale ndi chidwi. ndi ntchito zamanja kusukulu chiyani? Mwachitsanzo - ntchito mu mapangidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndi thandizo lawo, inu mukhoza kukhala wokondwa zabwino kupeza ndi kuloŵerera chidziwitso.

Nzeru ntchito: chitsanzo

Pofuna kumvetsa kwathunthu kodi ntchito zamanja, muyenera kuganizira chitsanzo yeniyeni. The kampani Electrolux Design labu unachitikira mu 2013 wophunzira mpikisano mu China. Iye maphunziro a Institute of makanema ojambula Qing Ji anapereka ntchito yake, umene umalimbana chikusintha kugona anthu. Iye anakamba khushoni ma mu mawonekedwe a misa wobiriwira. Ndi kupezera osati zabwino zina, komanso chitetezo ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pankhaniyi, ndi ntchito zamanja, chitsanzo chomwe chili, kuyambitsa amapereka luso zatsopano ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa.

The zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo khushoni aloe maselo, amene kuyamwa mpweya woipa ndi kumasulidwa mpweya. Pachifukwa chimenechi, anthu amene kugona pa izo, alibe mavuto ndi kupuma. maselo Aloe ali okhoza kuthetsa tizilombo iliyonse zoipa padziko. Ntchito nzeru, chitsanzo cha zomwe Baibulo linanena inayenda bwino, koma ngati mukufuna kulenga zinthu zatsopano, n'zotheka kukonzekera pulogalamu si monga zovuta. Mwina muli pomwe luso alipo.