Vodika kuzizira Point: Kodi vodika amaundana? Pamene vodika amaundana?

Kuyambira kale, anthu kumwa mowa zosiyanasiyana. Sitizidzakangana za kuopsa zakumwa zimenezi. Mowa kwenikweni ndi kovulaza thanzi, koma anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito zedi yaing'ono.

Vodika - kodi mankhwala?

Vodika - amphamvu mowa wa madzi ndi ethyl mowa. Linga malamulo kutali - izo ranges ku 40 kuti 56%. Ambiri ndi otchuka njira - 40% wa mowa wamphamvu ndi.

Russian vodika ntchito zambiri ngati woima mowa, ndi alendo monga m'munsi kwa cocktails. Komanso, ntchito yopanga tinctures ndi lotions, compresses ndi mano. Ndipotu chilengedwe mankhwala, osati kokha kwa akumwa.

m'mbiri

Anthu ambiri molakwa kuti mowa wamphamvu anatulukira D. I. Mendeleev. Ndipotu, mankhwala anaonekera kale kwambiri, kubwerera ku Persia. Dmitri Ivanovich zambiri ndipo mosamala nawo katundu njira, kuphatikizapo mowa. zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii anali lotchedwa "Pa mowa ndi madzi", kumene sayansi wolungamitsidwa abwino linga - 60 mbali mowa koyera ndi mbali makumi anai.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu dziko lathu vodika zinaoneka pa wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, koma luso si chidwi aliyense wa akalonga, kapena anthu wamba. Iwo ankaganiza kuti uchi ndi wathu mkate vinyo amakoma bwino. Mu 1429, mowa wamphamvu anaukitsidwa Russia, koma monga mankhwala a. Kuyambira pamenepo, iye chitakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko athu.

katundu vodika

Yankho madzi mowa, ngati wina aliyense, ali katundu osiyana thupi ndi mankhwala: pali mowa wamphamvu yozizira koopsa ake kutentha, akhoza kutani ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, koma anthu ambiri ali kungofuna zotsatira za chakumwa mu thupi la munthu.

Iwo akhala zinaonetsa kuti Mlingo ka mowa (za 20-25 ga mowa) pansi, mumachitira lightness okoma ndi chomasuka kulankhulana. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka Mlingo kuyamba kukula zotsatira mofulumira oipa amenewa, monga imfa ya kuyenda, utachepa tcheru, kupanda ziyenera chokwanira zenizeni ndi makhalidwe awo.

Yekha zothandiza khalidwe vodika ku mfundo chithandizo cha - ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ake katundu, ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito monga lotions, compresses ndi yozizira rubdowns zolimbikitsa.

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti mowa wamphamvu ndi mowa ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi (pakalibe mankhwala ena), koma njira imeneyi linasiyidwa. mzere kwambiri chabwino lagona pa imfa tilinazo ndi kukomoka (monga zingamuthandize opaleshoni), komanso imfa.

Kodi vodika amaundana

Choncho anthu ambiri ali ndi chidwi, kaya mfundo amaundana mowa wamphamvu. Yankho lake ndi losavuta - inde, monga aliyense zosakaniza zina zamadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo, zimalimbikitsa sodium kolorayidi njira analimbikitsa pa -21 ° C, ndi kashiamu mankhwala enaake pa -55 ° C. Koyera Mowa amaundana yekha pa otsika kutentha kwambiri (-115 ° C), Arctic mafuta pa -50 ° C.

Ndiye funso si ngati mowa wamphamvu amaundana, ndi kutentha pa zomwe ndondomeko izi zimachitika. Tiyeni tione izi mwatsatanetsatane.

lamulo Raoult a

Kumapeto kwa XVIII m'ma French wasayansi Fransua Raúl anaphunzira kutsitsa crystallization kutentha ndi nthunzi kuthamanga kuchepa (kuwonjezeka kutentha kuwira) zothetsera pamene ndende zinthu anakhazikitsa ndipo anabweretsa malamulo angapo khalidwe njira yabwino.

Lamulo lachiwiri Raúl limanena kuti kutsitsa kuwira mfundo ndi kuzizira kutentha nyamuka wa njira ndi mwachindunji njila zake ndende molal.

Lamulo imakhudzanso ndi njira wamphamvu kuchepetsa, ndipo sikumangotikhudza chikhalidwe cha kubwera kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu.

Ovomerezeka a chilamulo ichi kwa njira madzi mowa, ndipo kodi kutentha wa yozizira koopsa wa mowa wamphamvu malinga ndi zomwe anapeza Raúl? Pantchito onse Francois Raoult ntchito njira yabwino omwe sanali volatiles ndipo ukuphwera wokangalika mowa ndi pressurises ndi nthunzi pamwamba osakaniza madzi mowa. Choncho kuchita masamu ndi zolakwa yaing'ono: mowa wamphamvu yozizira koopsa kutentha ndi 40% -27 ° C.

Mwakucimbidza ayenera kuti nkhani za kuzizira pa kutentha bwino chifukwa ena. Mu crystallization ndi tinthu madzi oundana anapanga, ndipo anthu ambiri mowa kusakaniza otsala ndi kuchuluka, ndipo chifukwa chake chimasintha yozizira koopsa kutentha kwa osakaniza madzi. Chotero kodi zasayansi zolondola kulankhula osati za mfundo yozizira koopsa, koma poyambira za ndondomeko crystallization.

kutentha tebulo

Pang'ono empirically, malingana mu gawo tebulo yozizira koopsa kutentha wakhala anapanga monga mwa mitunduyi kuchuluka kwa mowa vodika.

mowa wamphamvu yozizira koopsa kutentha akhoza zosiyanasiyana osati kusintha ndende mowa osakaniza, komanso pamaso pa zinthu zina mu njira. Ngakhale chakale mowa wamphamvu, chomwe chokha cha madzi oyera ndi mowa, lili ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta fusel ndi admixtures ena. Nthawi zina zingakhale kumwa ndi zina zosiyana kukoma zimene zimakhudza katundu thupi.

Kodi vodika atapanga mu mufiriji

Choncho, ife anatsimikiza kuti kutentha isanayambike crystallization 40% osakaniza madzi mowa ndi -27 ° C, koma pafupifupi. Ambiri tinganene kuti kumayamba kuzizira pamene chilemba pa thermometer kwambiri kapena kupita kudziko lina -30 ° C.

Furiji kutentha, malinga zoikamo kungakhale kuchokera -5 kwa -24 ° C. Komabe, ichi si zokwanira amaundana 40% mowa.

Anthu ambiri akukumana ndi chakuti vodika anachoka mu chipinda mapulogalamu mazira, unakhuthala ndi ayezi aumbike mwa izo. Ndiye n'chifukwa vodika oundana mufiriji?

Pali zingapo zimene mungachite. Choyamba, mankhwala akhoza sitimadzipereka m'malo 40%, ndipo silikanakhala oposa 35%. Ndipo pa ndende m'munsi ndi kuchepa yozizira koopsa mfundo ya mowa wamphamvu, mufiriji ndi mphamvu zokwanira pa crystallization.

Yachiwiri - kutentha kwenikweni mu chipinda yozizira koopsa kwambiri m'munsi kuposa mwasankha. N'zosavuta kukayendera ndi zonse thermometer msewu.

Chachitatu chimake - coolant kutayikira chifukwa mu mapangidwe zigawo ndi kutentha otsika kwambiri mu firiji a. Izi, poyamba, si pangozi - ukuphwera freon ndi kompresa mu firiji ukagwira, kuchititsa unit kwalephera. Komanso, CFC ali kungasokoneze chilengedwe ndipo ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri kuti kuchepetseratu ozoni.

Icicles kapena odzola: zikuwoneka ngati mowa wamphamvu ndi mazira

Yozizira vodika - ndi ndondomeko zovuta kuti N'zovuta kulingalira popanda chitsanzo chabwino. Achisanu vodika amaoneka mosiyana, malinga ndi ndende ya Mowa choyera, nthawi zosafunika, kutentha oscillations. Komabe, poyamba izo sanali kuwumitsa ndi thickens, nthawi zina lidzasinthidwa odzola. Miyambo mowa zakudya zomwe amapangidwa ndi mizimu, iwo alibe ubale umodzi. Komabe, kupanga "ammutu ayisikilimu" mu N'chimodzimodzinso. Izo zikuwoneka ngati zipatso ayezi, ndipo zosangalatsa kudya m'nthawi Yotenthayi. Komabe, akulu, popeza ana akhoza kudya mowa.

Pambuyo zina kuzirala thickening vodika akuyamba kuwumitsa - zina congeals mbale, nthawi zina kupangidwa zilumba osiyana ayezi. Kutembenuka kwathunthu mu chidutswa olimba mabvuto - amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka mu chomwecho Mowa ndende mu njira otsala.

Ndingatani kumwa mowa wamphamvu atapanga

Pamene atapanga mowa wamphamvu, nthawi yomweyo akafunsa kuti, ngati tingakwaniritse kumwa. Theoretically, si choletsedwa, koma pali ena mokoma.

Choyamba, ngati mowa wamphamvu atapanga pa kutentha otsika, ndipo ali ambiri ayezi, ndiye N'zosakayikitsa wasukuluka ndi anapanga osati pa Intaneti. Kudya izi, tilibe amalangiza, ngakhale kuli kotheka kuwataya ayezi ndi kumwa madzi otsala imene mowa ali kukhala. Poyamba ife anagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi ya chiyeretso ya mowa wamphamvu - kuzizira, pamene madzi owonjezera kuzizira, ndi kusakaniza otsala kuyeretsa ndi bwino.

Kachiwiri, vodika atapanga ayenera atamwa mosamala kwambiri. Mwamphamvu utakhazikika, viscous, izo pafupifupi osanunkhiza ndipo sadamve pa m'kamwa, ndi zina zolandilira ozizira blunts. Choncho, n'zotheka kumwa kwambiri, ndiyeno mwamsanga modetsa ledzela kuti kumabweretsa aakulu poizoni poizoni.

Kotero ngati inu simuli ndi mdani wa mowa, ndiye madziwa osachepera n'cholinga choti palibe zotsatira zoipa.