Albrecht Durer: yonena ndi ntchito. Ntchito ndi Albrehta Dyurera: mndandanda

A. Dürer (1471-1528) - lalikulu German wojambula, ndi zaka zomalizira za moyo wake ndi luso theorist. yonena wake ndi ntchito n'zogwirizana kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ntchito mwa Albrehta Dyurera ndi lero kukopa connoisseurs ambiri a luso. Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za izo? Moyo ndi ntchito ya Albrehta Dyurera m'nkhani ino.

mbiri yamoyo ndi maphunziro

bambo ake anali nzika ya Hungary, siliva. Albrecht ndinaphunzira moyambirira ndi bambo ake ndipo kenako pa Michael Wohlgemuth, zojambulajambula ndi engraver ku Nuremberg. 1490-1494 - "Zaka Haji", chofunika kuti apeze mutu wa mbuye. Albrecht anakhala nthawi imeneyi m'mizinda ya Rhine Upper (Strasbourg, Colmar, Basel). Apa iye analowa bwalo la osindikiza buku humanists. Amadziwika kuti Dürer mukufuna kusintha kwa chosema pa zitsulo M. Shogauera mu Colmar, koma sanampeza moyo. Albrecht kenako anayamba kuphunzira ntchito za mbuye ichi, kulankhula kwa ana ake amenenso anali amisiri.

Mu 1494 anabwerera ku Nuremberg Albrecht Dürer. Wambiri ndi ntchito tinaonera nthawi ya zochitika zofunika. Izo zinali ndiye unachitikira ukwati Agnes Frey, komanso kutsegula situdiyo wake. Patapita nthawi, Albrecht anaganiza ulendo watsopano, nthawi imeneyi posankha kumpoto Italy. Iye anapita ku amapemphera ndi Venice mu 1494-95, motero. Mu Venice, Dürer ulendo, ndipo mu 1505, ndipo anakhala kumeneko mpaka 1507. Albrecht ubwenzi ndi Mfumu Maximilian Ine amatanthauza 1512. Zikuoneka kuti pa nthawi yomweyo, Dürer anayamba kugwira ntchito pa iye, kufikira imfa Maximilian, zomwe zinachitika mu 1519 ziri zodziwika bwino kuti Albert kunyumba ya Netherlands. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1520 mpaka 1521, anapita ku mizinda ngati Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Malines, ndi ena.

zilandiridwenso Durer

Albrecht Dürer, mbiri ndi zinthu zomwe zingasiyane ndi kuwuka kwa German Kubadwa Kwatsopano, sanathe kukhala kutali ndi zochita za nthawi yake. Zinali zovuta, makamaka disharmonious nthawi. khalidwe lake unakhudzadi kwambiri pa mitundu yonse ya luso. Chitsitsimutso mu ntchito za Albrecht amasonkhana ndi chiyambi ndipo kuchuluka kwa miyambo German luso. Iwo zimapezeka mu mawonekedwe a zilembo dyurerovskih kutali ndi kukongola pa kaonedwe ka ganizoli zachikhalidwe. Komanso, mbuye wakonda kusiyanitsa, amasamalirira kwambiri tsatanetsatane payekha. kufunika kwakukulu kwa Albrecht ndi pa yomweyo kukhudzana ndi luso la Italy. Zilandiridwenso Albrehta Dyurera ananena kuti anayesa kumvetsetsa chinsinsi cha ungwiro wake ndi mogwirizana. Dürer ndi nthumwi yekha wa kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene ali m'zigawozigawo ndi malangizo chidwi, kufuna kudziwa malamulo a zojambulajambula, kulenga kufanana changwiro chithunzi anthu akhoza kuvala ndime ndi mabwana lalikulu la Kubadwa Kwatsopano Italy.

zojambula

Zilandiridwenso Albrehta Dyurera osiyanasiyana. Iye anali wanzeru ngati draftsman, engraver ndi zojambulajambula. Pa nthawi yomweyo chosema ndi zojambula kumupha zina ngakhale kutsogolera ntchito. Zoposa 900 mapepala cholowa ali Dürer-zojambulajambula. Malinga zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwa izo angayerekezedwe okha ndi ntchito za Leonardo da Vinci. Zikuoneka pachithunzipa anali mbali ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mbuye. Dürer mwangwiro katswiri njira onse amphamvu a nthawi - kuchokera malasha, watercolor, pensulo Italy nzimbe cholembera ndi pini siliva. Pamene ambuye Italy, zojambula wasanduka sitepe yofunika kwa Durer compositing. Mbali imeneyi m'gulu Studi, zina zachidule mitu, miyendo, manja, draperies.

Pakuti Durer zojambula anali chida chimene anaphunzira mitundu khalidwe - Nuremberg fashionistas, njonda ovala bwino komanso anthu wamba. Laulemerero ntchito Albrehta Dyurera - ". A chidutswa cha kuwaika" Watercolor ambuye "kalulu" (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi Iwo anapanga ndi detachment awowo sankawayankha mwansangala ndi mphamvu amenewa omwe angachititse munthu kukhala mafanizo kwa zizindikiro za sayansi.

mndandanda wa malo

Woyamba ntchito yapadera ya mbuye ndi mndandanda wa malo a zaka 1494-95. Izi ntchito za Albrehta Dyurera anaphedwa watercolor ndi gouache pa ulendo wake wopita ku Italy. Iwo mosamala moyenera, cholinga zikuchokera mapulani okhudza malo bwino alternating ndi mzake. Izi ntchito za Albrehta Dyurera ali woyamba mu mbiri ya European luso mitunda "choyera".

"Khirisimasi", "molemekeza Amagi" "Adamu ndi Hava"

Chotsani yosalala maganizo, chilakolako cha wolemba bwino amafunika mungoli ndi akalumikidzidwa - izi ndi zinthu khalidwe la zojambulajambula ndi Durer m'zaka za m'ma 15 mochedwa chiyambi cha khumi chachiwiri cha m'ma 16. Imeneyi ndi guwa lansembe la "Khirisimasi", anapanga padziko 1498, ndi kufanizira ndi 1504 ntchito "molemekeza Amagi," limene Dürer umabweretsa pamodzi ndi gulu la zitatu Amagi ndi Madonna silhouettes yosalala, bata zozungulira mungoli ndi Chipilala motif mobwerezabwereza kangapo ulemerero mapulani. Mu 1500s imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za zilandiridwenso Albrecht amakhala kufuna kudziwa anapangira yabwino thupi. Iye amafuna zobisika zawo, kujambula maliseche wamkazi ndi zithunzi wamwamuna. Onani kuti ali woyamba mu Germany, Albrecht anayamba kuphunzira wamaliseche. Kusaka Iwowa mwachidule mu 1504 chosema "Adamu ndi Hava", komanso kukhazikitsa za 1507 lalikulu eponymous wowoneka diptych.

"Chilemekezo cha Utatu" ndi "Phwando pogwiritsa ntchito korona"

The ntchito yovuta kwambiri, harmonically analamula nyimbo zithunzi zosiyanasiyana kanjedza anaphedwa mu zaka za kulenga kukhwima Albrecht Dürer. ntchito chidwi wake monga unakhazikitsidwa mu 1506 "Kukondwerera kwa mikanda", mu 1511 - "The chilemekezo cha Utatu Woyera." "Phwando la kolona" ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zopambana ndi Dürer (161.5 × 192 cm). Komanso, ali mmodzi wa chito lalikulu intonation. Ntchito pafupi ndi luso la ambuye Italy, osati zolinga, komanso umoyo wawo polnozvuchiem akupereka plethora mafano (makamaka zithunzi), ndi mgwirizano nyimbo, m'lifupi mwa kulemba. Chithunzi lotchedwa "chilemekezo cha Utatu" zimaimira yaing'ono ntchito guwa, semicircles rhythmic kuti ingathandize ndi arched akamaliza guwa ophatikizana akuyandama angelo kumwamba Fathers ndi khamu woyera. chitsanzo akufanana "Mkangano" ndi Raphael.

zithunzi oyambirira

Popanda zithunzi zovuta kulingalira ntchito Albrehta Dyurera. Yerekezani kuti iye polemba chinenero ichi ambiri ndi chidwi kwambiri. Albrecht kale mu ntchito oyambirira, anachita za 1499 (Chithunzi cha Oswald Krell) akupereka anakhazikitsa mbuye. Iye mwangwiro amapereka mkati mphamvu chitsanzo, ndi wapadera chikhalidwe. Wapadera Albrehta Dyurera kwagona kuti kudziletsa chithunzi ndi mtsogoleri m'nyengo yoyambirira ya chithunzi ntchito yake. Back mu 1484 analenga kujambula pini siliva, anazipereka m'nkhani ino. Apa Albrecht amaonetsera mwana zaka 13 zakubadwa. Kale pa dzanja nthawi Durer anatsogolera adaponya kudzimvera nzeru, zomwe inakulitsidwa atatu oyambirira a wake zojambula-zithunzi. Tikuyankhula zokhudza ntchito 1493 mu 1498 ndi 1500. Chakumapeto ntchito (chithunzi izo ukufanizidwa pamwamba) chimasonyeza Albrecht mosamalitsa kuchokera kutsogolo. Anapangidwa ndi ndevu yaing'ono ndi tsitsi lalitali la nkhope lake lamanja akutikumbutsa za chifaniziro cha Khristu Pantocrator.

zojambula mochita kugoba

Zilandiridwenso Albrehta Dyurera (1471-1528) N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anagwira zipsera mofanana bwino pa mkuwa ndi nkhuni. Albrecht anatembenuka chosema pambuyo Schongauer, mmodzi wa luso lalikulu. Mu ntchito za Dürer kunasonyeza wosakhazikika, wosakhazikika mzimu wa chibadwa yake yolenga, komanso zoterezi mikangano abwino kuti nkhawa iye. Mosiyana ku ntchito bwino ndi bata oyambirira kwabasi mbuye kale kukhala woyamba zikuluzikulu likutipatsa zino, chomwe 15 zojambula mochita kugoba pa mutu wa Chivumbulutso. ntchito zoterezi zimagwiridwa pa mtengo Albrecht analengedwa mu 1498. zojambula mochita kugoba Durer awo mochuluka kuposa zojambula, maziko mwambo German. Iwo amaoneka mu mphamvu okhota, kayendedwe lakuthwa, zithunzi overexpression mungoli swirling, mofulumira kumatula mizere ndi makutu. Chifaniziro cha mwayi copperplate chosema "Nemesis" kufotokoza kumayambiriro 1500., Kodi khalidwe yoopsa. kusindikiza Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zabwino ndi Dürer.

"Moyo wa Virgin", "Great masautso" ndi "Small masautso"

. Mu likutipatsa mkombero "Moyo wa Mariya" cholengedwa 1502-05 zaka, chidwi wotchuka wolemba mu zochitika polemba chinenero chimenechi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mfundo - zimaonetsa mmene a German luso mwambo. Nkhani likutipatsa ndi maganizo kwambiri bwino ndi bata. ena awiri odzipereka chilakolako cha Khristu, yodziwika ndi mawu kwambiri. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku mtengo "Great masautso" (za 1498-1510 gg.), Komanso awiri angapo zojambula mochita kugoba pa mkuwa "masautso Small" (zaka za chilengedwe - 1507-13 ndi 1509-11). Ntchito izi ndi Dürer anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu a m'nthawi yake.

Triptych 1513-1514 gg.

Chosema 1513 "Knight, Imfa ndi Mdyerekezi" komanso ntchito awiri a 1514 ( "Hieronymus m'chipinda" ndi "wozingwa") mbali yofunika kwambiri mu Albrecht cholowa. Iwo apanga ngati triptych. Ntchito izi ziperekedwa ndi mbuye katswiri suoneka. Iwo kusiyana ndi osowa ndende wophiphiritsa conciseness. Zikuoneka Dürer osati pakati kulenga iwo monga adzizungulira limodzi. Komabe, ntchito Chili tanthauzo makhalidwe ndi nzeru zaumunthu, zovuta (kumasulira kwake odzipereka kwambiri ntchito lero). Zikuoneka kuti lonena "Buku la wankhondo Mkhristu" E. Rotterdam anauziridwa ndi chithunzi cha wolemba pakati-okalamba wankhondo wolimba, amene ikuyenda cholinga osadziwika, mosasamala za Mdyerekezi, zotsatirazi m'mbuyo, komanso kumuopseza imfa. Wankhondo limaoneka wokhudza zokongola miyala zakutchire. Si kophweka kuzindikira ntchito Albrehta Dyurera. Chidule cha lonena zatchulidwazi n'kofunika kumvetsetsa wankhondo fano.

Saint Jerome (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), amene anapita ku maphunziro zonse mwasayansi, ndi mwini wa moyo Kulingalira ndi kudzipenda wauzimu. Otchuka mapiko wozingwa, kumizidwa mu malingaliro ake wachisoni, anapereka motsutsa likhale mulu wachisokonezo a m'nkhaniyi mofulumira madzi nthawi ndi Sciences, zipangizo za malonda.

Nthawi zambiri kutanthauziridwa monga umunthu wa kulenga mzimu wosakhazikika anthu. Onani kuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano humanists opezeka anthu ndi makhalidwe wozingwa, "Mulungu akamakonda" namatetule, mwiniwake wa zilandiridwenso. Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti mwa kachitidwe ambiri zilandiridwenso, ndi Albrehta Dyurera. Ndipo mwachidule zimaonetsa ntchito yake ina.

ntchito ina

Dürer pambuyo 1514 ntchito pa bwalo la Maximilian I (anapereka pamwamba chithunzi wake wobadwa mwa Albrecht). Panthawi imeneyi anachita madongosolo ambiri boma Albrecht Dürer. Ntchito analengedwa ndi iwo, amafuna kwambiri luso, koma kwambiri nthawi yambiri a iwo utoto lithography, anachita pa matabwa 192. ntchito imeneyi imatchedwa "Chipilala cha Maximilian Ine". Chifukwa amapangidwa mwa ntchito, koma Durer, gulu lalikulu la ojambula zithunzi. Pambuyo ulendo ku Netherlands, achita mu zaka 1520-21. Kuchokera Albrecht anayamba latsopano kulenga mtima. Panthawi imeneyi, khamu la zina zachidule amathawathawa. Komanso, ambiri chabwino zithunzi likutipatsa anali kudzadza mankhwala Albrehta Dyurera. Lembani motere: anapanga 1520 ndi malasha , "Erazm Rotterdamsky", komanso ntchito mu 1521, "Lucas galimoto Leyden" (anapanga pensulo Siliva), "Agnes Dürer" analenga amene anagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndodo, ndi ena.

Zithunzi za 1520s ndi

Chithunzicho mu 1520s amakhala mtundu wanyimbo zikuluzikulu ntchito za Dürer. Panthawi imeneyi, fano olengedwa chosema pa mkuwa humanists otchuka nthawi yake Albrecht Dürer. Major ntchito motere: mu 1526 - Chithunzicho Filippa Melanhtona, mu 1524 - Willibald Pirkheyma mu 1526 - Erasmus. kupenta pamaoneka 1521 "Chithunzicho ya Young Man" mu 1524 - "Chithunzicho wa Munthu," mu 1526 - "Jerome Holtsshuer" ndi ntchito zina. ntchito ang'onoang'ono amenewa kusiyana ndi zikuchokera wopanda, ungwiro chakale, zinapangidwa silhouettes. Iwo spectacularly kobvuta contours yaikulu veleveti beret kapena zipewa zotambalala. Pakatikati compositional ntchito izi - nkhope, ili pafupi-mmwamba, kuti akonze kusintha mochenjera kuwala ndi mthunzi. Mu sadzachitanso amaonekera nkhope pamaso pa lonse tsegula maso, mu maphunziro pang'ono yokhota kumapeto mu kumwetulira kapena theka-lotseguka milomo, cheekbones mu wachangu chithunzi ndi kayendedwe ataipitsa kuwona kuda moyo kwambiri wauzimu. Tsegulani Albrecht mu m'nthawi yake mphamvu amakhala mwaunyinji mu diptych "Zinayi Atumwi" (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), otsiriza mwini zojambula (1525). Inalembedwera Nuremberg Dürer Hall. Apereka kanjedza yaikulu mlaliki Mark, atumwi Paulo, Petro ndi Yohane, amene akuimira, malinga m'nthawi Ambuye, 4 makhalidwe.

ntchito ongolankhula, mtengo wa zilandiridwenso

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, moyo wa Albrecht zafalitsa ntchito ongolankhula: malangizo kuyeza wolamulira ndi kampasi (mu 1525), kulimbikitsa forts, nyumba mizinda (mu 1527), ndipo mu 1528 lofalitsidwa ntchito "Zinayi mabuku pa kufanana anthu." Albrecht Dürer, ndi zilandiridwenso ndi tsogolo la amene takambirana, zapita ku Nuremberg April 6, 1528

Dürer kwambiri chitukuko cha lonse la zojambulajambula German wa theka zoyambirira za m'ma 16. zojambula mochita kugoba wake ndi Italy anali kupambana yaikulu - ngakhale chikalata iwo yabodza. Anthu ambiri aluso Italy aona mmene ntchito yake, kuphatikizapo Pordenone ndi Pontormo.