Annealing zitsulo monga ngati kutentha mankhwala. luso zitsulo

Chilengedwe cha zipangizo zatsopano ndi kulamulira katundu - ndi luso luso zitsulo. Chimodzi cha zida zake ndi kutentha mankhwala. pasukuluyi n'zotheka kusintha makhalidwe ndi moyenera, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo. Annealing cha chitsulo - ndi ambiri njira kwa kuchotsa zotsimikizira zopindika mankhwala wowonjezera mphamvu zawo ndiponso kudalirika.

Njira Ntchito ndi mitundu yake

ntchito annealing zimagwiridwa kuti:

• Kukhathamiritsa intracrystalline dongosolo, ndi inalamula mbali alloying;
• kuchepetsa nkhawa mkati ndi kuwapotoza chifukwa mofulumira kusiyana zamakono kutentha;
• kuwonjezeka pliability akutsutsa kwa Machining wotsatira.

ntchito chakale amatchedwa "zonse annealing", koma pali kusiyanasiyana ake, malingana ndi katundu kufunika ndi makhalidwe a ntchito: chosakwanira, otsika mayamwidwe (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, normalizing. Onse ali ofanana mfundo, koma mwanjira ya chitsulo kutentha mankhwala zimasiyana.

Kutentha mankhwala zochokera zithunzi

masinthidwe onse kampani yopanga zitsulo, zomwe ndi zochokera masewera a kutentha bwino zizigwirizana chithunzi cha kasakaniza wazitsulo chitsulo mpweya. Ndi zooneka kudziwa microstructure wa steels mpweya kapena zitsulo pulasitala, komanso mfundo za nyumba kusinthika ndi makhalidwe awo mchikakamizo cha magetsi kapena kuzirala.

Zitsulo luso nthawi Zithunzi izi zonse mitundu ya annealing steels mpweya. Chifukwa chosakwanira, otsika ndi recrystallization "kuyambira" mzere kutentha mfundo ndi PSK, ndicho mfundo yake yovuta _Ac1. Full annealing ndi normalizing zitsulo matenthedwe cholambira GSE mzere chithunzi mfundo yake yovuta, ndiponso Mac ₃ Mac _m. Komanso kukonza bwino amakhazikitsa kugwirizana njira chinaneneratu kutentha mankhwala ndi mfundo zili mpweya ndi kuthekera likhale yake kwa aloyi makamaka.

annealing zonse

Zinthu: castings ndi forgings wa aloyi ovomereza-eutectoid, mmene zitsulo zikuchokera ayenera kudzaza mpweya mu ndalama kwa 0,8%.

cholinga:

• kusintha pazipita mu microstructure wa osewera chifukwa ndi otentha kuthamanga actuation nonuniform coarse ferrite-pearlite dongosolo mu homogeneous chabwino-grained;
• ndichepe kuuma ndi kuonjezera ductility kwa Machining wotsatira.

Technology. Annealing zitsulo pa kutentha pamwamba mfundo yovuta 30-50˚S _Ac3. Pa kukwanilitsa anakonzeratu matenthedwe zimatha zitsulo kuwathandiza pa mlingo kwa nthawi yaitali, limakupatsani malizitsani masinthidwe zonse zofunikira. pearlite Large ndi mbewu ferrite kwathunthu lidzasinthidwa austenite. Siteji yotsatira - kuzirala pang'onopang'ono mu ng'anjo, imene ndondomeko kachiwiri kusiyana kwa ferrite austenite ndi pearlite ndi mbewu zabwino ndi dongosolo homogeneous.

Full annealing zitsulo kumatha zopindika zikuluzikulu mkati Komabe, nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndi mphamvu kudya.

annealing zofewa

Zinthu: hypoeutectoid zitsulo, osakhala kwambiri monyanyira mkati.

Cholinga cha kuchepetsa kukula ndi mavuto a mbewu pearlite, popanda kusintha gawo lapansi ferrite.

Technology. Kutentha zitsulo ndi kutentha kugwa kusiyana pakati pa malo ovuta _Ac1 ndi _Ac3. Padzuwa la akusowekapo mu ng'anjo ndi makhalidwe khola facilitates kumaliza njira zofunika. Wozizilitsa imagwiridwa pang'onopang'ono, ndi ng'anjo. Pa linanena bungwe kupereka yemweyo chabwino-grained pearlitic-ferritic dongosolo. Woterowo chikoka matenthedwe ndi n'kukhala pearlite labwino, Krustalo ferrite amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa, ndipo akhoza kusinthidwa amapanga, komanso nyembazo.

Zofewa annealing wa zitsulo chimathandiza moyenera boma mkati ndi katundu wa zinthu yosavuta, ndi wochepa mphamvu kwambiri.

A annealing otsika (recrystallization)

Zinthu: mitundu yonse ya adagulung'undisa mpweya zitsulo, aloyi zitsulo ndi mpweya zili pakati 0,65% (mwachitsanzo, mpira wodziwika), ndi mbali akusowekapo anapanga zitsulo nonferrous kuti mulibe yaitali zopindika mkati, koma afunika kulangiza sanali mphamvu.

cholinga:

• kuchotsa nkhawa mkati ndi mavuto kuumitsa zotsatira chifukwa mapindikidwe onse ozizira ndi kutentha;
• pothetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuzirala m'goli la nyumba welded, kuchuluka ductility ndi mphamvu zimfundo;
• homogenizing ndi microstructure wa sanali akakhala zitsulo;
• lamellar pearlite spheroidization - kukupatsa granular mawonekedwe.

Technology.

Kutentha mbali pogwiritsira ntchito 50-100˚S pansipa _Ac1 mfundo yovuta. Mothandizidwa ndi zotsatira kuletsedwa zazing'ono kusintha mkati. Dongosolo lonse limatenga 1-1.5 maola. Zoyerekeza mtengo kutentha Mitandadza ena zipangizo:

1. Mpweya zitsulo ndi mkuwa kasakaniza wazitsulo - 600-700˚S.
2. Faifi tambala kasakaniza wazitsulo - 800-1200˚S.
3. Zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo - 300-450˚S.

Wozizilitsa imagwiridwa mu mlengalenga. Martensitic ndi steels bainitic zitsulo luso imapereka dzina lina kwa ndondomekoyi - holide mkulu. Ndi njira yosavuta angakwanitse kusintha katundu mbali ndi mbali.

Homogenization (mayamwidwe annealing)

Facilities: lalikulu kuponyera mankhwala, makamaka kuponyedwa zosapanga dzimbiri.

Cholinga: yunifolomu kufalitsidwa kwa alloying zinthu maatomu a kophimba galasi ndi buku lonse la ingot chifukwa cha mkulu kutentha mayamwidwe; pokonza dongosolo preform, kuchepetsa kuuma ake asanaphe wotsatira ntchito ndondomeko.

Technology. Kutentha zinthu kubala mkulu kutentha 1000-1200˚S. Khola makhalidwe matenthedwe asungidwe kwa nthawi yaitali - za 10-15 maola, malinga ndi kukula ndi kuvuta dongosolo osewera. wosakwiya kuzirala motere akamaliza magawo onse a zochita mkulu-kutentha.

Nthawi yambiri, koma ndondomeko kwambiri bwino equalization wa microstructure wa nyumba yaikulu.

isothermal annealing

Zinthu: mpweya zitsulo mbale pakubwezeretsa, nkhani ya alloyed ndi mkulu-aloyi.

Cholinga: Kuonjezera microstructure, kuchotsa vuto mkati mu nthawi yochepa.

Technology. Zitsulo poyamba mkangano mpaka wathunthu kutentha annealing ndipo anapitiriza nthawi zofunika kusintha kwa nyumba wogwila kuti austenite. Kenako pang'onopang'ono utakhazikika pobatizidwa mu mchere moto. Pokhala ndi kutentha 50-100˚S mpaka pansi kufika _Ac1 aikidwa mu ng'anjo kuti asunge pa mlingo nthawi koyenera kuti kusinthika kwathunthu kwa austenite kuti pearlite ndi cementite. Kuzirala komaliza ikuchitika mu mlengalenga.

njira walola kuti tikwaniritse katundu ofunikira workpieces alloyed zitsulo, pamene kupulumutsa nthawi poyerekeza ndi annealing zonse.

normalization

Zinthu: castings, forgings ndi wachete, a sing'anga ndi otsika-alloyed zitsulo.

Cholinga: Kuti streamline boma mkati, kupereka kuuma anakhumba ndi mphamvu, kusintha kwa boma mkati pamaso magawo wotsatira wa kutentha mankhwala ndi Machining.

Technology. Zitsulo usavutike kutentha amene pang'ono pamwamba pa mzere GSE ndi mfundo zake zowawitsa ndipo anapitiriza utakhazikika mu mlengalenga. Choncho, mlingo wa akamaliza njira kumawonjezera. Komabe, pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti kukwaniritsa zomveka omasuka dongosolo yekha pa nkhani kumene zitsulo zikuchokera kumatanthauza mpweya mu kuchuluka kwa osapitirira 0.4%. Ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya pali kuwonjezeka kuuma. Zitsulo yomweyo pambuyo normalization ali ndi kuuma wamkulu ndi uniformly oyenerera mbewu yaing'ono. njira akhoza kwambiri pa fupa lothyoka kukana ndi ductility kasakaniza wazitsulo kudula processing.

N'zotheka zopindika annealing

Pa kuphedwa ntchito zofunika kutsatira anakonzeratu kutentha mankhwala modes kutentha Kutentha ndi kuzirala. Ngati kuphwanya zofooka zosiyanasiyana kumachitika zofunika.

1. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa wosanjikiza pamwamba ndi mapangidwe lonse. Pa ntchito osungunula zitsulo amachitira ndi mpweya mpweya, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe lonse padziko workpiece. Phunziro kwa kuyeretsedwa kudzera makina kapena pogwiritsa ntchito reagents mankhwala apadera.
2. mpweya amatopa. Komanso kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mpweya pa zitsulo otentha. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu wosanjikiza pamwamba kumachepetsa katundu makina ndi sayansi. Pofuna kupewa njira izi, annealing zitsulo ayenera kuchitidwa mu kufanana ndi Muzifunsa ng'anjo m'katikati mpweya zoteteza amene chachikulu ntchito - kuteteza ankachita aloyi ndi oxygen.
3. Kutenthedwa. Ndi zotsatira za yaitali kukalamba mu ng'anjo pa kutentha. Zotsatira mu kwambiri kukula tirigu, kupeza si yunifolomu dongosolo coarse tirigu, kuchuluka fragility. Amaloŵamo kudzudzulidwa ndi kuchita wozungulira ina annealing wathunthu.
4. Anatentha. Kumachitika chifukwa cha phindu impermissibly mkulu Kutentha ndi shutter liwiro, tidzapeza chiwonongeko cha ubwenzi mbewu zina kwathunthu zake lonse zitsulo kapangidwe ndi si pansi uphungu.

Pofuna kupewa malfunctions n'kofunika kuti mosamalitsa kutsatira kutentha mankhwala vuto ndi luso ndi mosamalitsa kulamulira ndondomeko.

Annealing zitsulo microstructure ndi mkulu-amadza galimoto luso mbali cha kapangidwe aliyense, ndipo zikuchokera mulingo woyenera ndi dongosolo mkati monga wofunikila magawo wotsatira wa makhalidwe ikukhudzana Machining mayina dongosolo ntchito.