Chibadwa. lamulo loyamba Mendel a

Mmonke chiyambi Czech, Gregor Mendel, zaka 1856-1866 imachitika zatsopano, zomwe kenako ankagwira. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake wobadwa ndi sayansi yatsopano - chibadwa. Chachikulu pa chitukuko anali woyamba lamulo la Mendel. mtola The anasankhidwa munda zinachitika. Ichi chinali chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kusiyana pakati pa malo ena. Komanso, zomera ndi wosavuta kukula ndi hybridize. Chifukwa cha kusamala zatsopano mapulani chepetsa onyamula zawo, komanso ambiri deta odalirika zowerengera zimapezeka zatsopano zasayansi. Zotsatira zake zinali oyamba kutsegula lamulo loyamba Mendel, ndiyeno lotsatira.

Akamanena zimenezo

Choncho, mwatsatanetsatane za mmene Chilamulo Choyamba Mendel linatsegulidwa. Pa chiyambi cha phunziro anasankhidwa zomera ndi kusiyana osiyanasiyana potchula awiri zizindikiro Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la maluwa - apical kapena axillary. Kukula mtundu uliwonse mu mibadwo ochepa, Mendel taonera woyenerera awo ntchito mu zolinga experimental. The zatsopano inkakhala ku ndizi posamutsa mungu zomera wina ndi mzake. Odalirika zotsatira experimental akhala analandira chifukwa cha mwambo mosamala angapo mosamala. Makamaka, stamens maluwa amene mungu, kenako kuchotsedwa, kuvala zipewa wapadera mu maluwa kupewa kulanda mungu zomera zina.

Zotsatira experimental

Kuyambira mbewu anasonkhana hybrid milandu onse, ambabzala ndi maluwa axillary. Mbali imeneyi wakhala lalikulu. Kupezeka kwa maluwa apical analandidwa khalidwe recessive. Pambuyo zinachitikira m'badwo woyamba wa zomera wasiya kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera. The hybrids chifukwa anali mbali ya axillary ndi maluwa apical. Mu kopanda wa Mendel, mtundu wachiwiri analipo mu m'badwo woyamba. Komabe, mawu a khalidwe limeneli anali osakwanira. Ndiko kuti, anaonetsa mawonekedwe chobisika. Mu akafuna kutulukira zinthu zimenezi ndi zizindikiro za nsapato ndi pafupifupi atatu kumpanda hybrids ndi makhalidwe, amene anaonekera mu m'badwo woyamba. Padera lachinayi la ana pa 2 banja anachokera zomera anali katundu sakudziwika mu 1. Kodi anali wa kuyesera, ndi zambiri zotsatira za kuyandikira chiŵerengero 3: 1. Lamulo loyamba Mendel unayambitsidwa mu maphunziro awa.

anapezazo

Mu kuphunzira makhalidwe a zomera anawolokera - makolo awo zitsanzo alipo awiri ofanana chizindikiro - hybrids analandira monga mmodzi wa chibadwa. The katundu wa m'badwo woyamba wa mbewu si ophatikizidwa, ndi kukhala payekha. Chifukwa, kafukufuku zasonkhanitsidwa mfundo zodalirika lamulo loyamba Mendel anali kudzipatula. chiphunzitso chake ndi motere: "Zizindikiro ofunitsitsa kuchokera awiri chamoyo zinthu mkati (majini). Mu m'badwo wachiwiri, akamagwira monohybrid kuwoloka, pafupifupi kotala ya ana ali ndi makhalidwe recessive ". Tikumbukenso kuti Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri Chilamulo cha Mendel anali poyamba azikondedwa ndi asayansi. Kenako mu ntchito asayansi ena, zinthu izi zatsimikiziridwa kachiwiri. Chifukwa, latsopano kafukufuku wakhala anapanga khromozomu chiphunzitso cha chibadwa.