"Chilumba cha Akufa" - chithunzi cha Arnold Böcklin. Kufotokozera ndi chithunzi

Mu 1827, wojambula anabadwira mu mzinda wa Basel ku Swiss, omwe ntchito yake idakhudza kwambiri chitukuko chojambula ndi chikhalidwe. Dzina la Arnold Beklin linali dzina la banja m'magulu a ojambula a Symbolist, ndipo pepala lodziwika bwino la Becklin "The Island of the Dead" linakhala lolimbikitsira anthu ambiri ojambula ojambula a mdziko.

Arnold Becklin

Wopanga mtsogolo wa chisokonezo anabadwira m'banja la silika wolemera wa malonda Kristjana Friedrich Beklin. Arnold Becklin adaphunzitsidwa ku Düsseldorf ndipo, ngakhale kuti ali ndi njira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, adayikidwa pa Dusseldorf School of Painting.

Aphunzitsi ankayamikira Becklin monga wophunzira wodalirika kwambiri, choncho, pokhala wophunzira, Arnold nthawi zambiri ankapita ku mayiko ena, ku Brussels ndi Antwerp, kumene wojambula uja anajambula ntchito zazikulu za ambuye a Dutch ndi Flanders. Ulendo winanso wopita ku sukulu wophunzira unatsogolera Becklin kupita ku Paris, kumene kwa chaka chimodzi wojambulayo ankagwira ntchito ku Louvre.

Mu 1850, wojambulayo anafika ku Rome, kumene kumanga nyumba zamakono, nyengo yofatsa ndi chikhalidwe cholemera chinamukakamiza kukhalabe zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Ku Italy, Beklin anakwatiwa ndi mtsikana wamba. Anali ndi banja lalikulu - ana 14, omwe asanu ndi mmodzi okha atha kukhala akuluakulu. Pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, wojambulayo ndi banja lake nthawi zambiri anasamukira, kwa nthawi ndithu iye anakhala ku Weimar, kumene ankaphunzitsa kujambula pa sukuluyi. Ku Basel, Becklin ankachita zojambula zapamwamba kwambiri pazithunzi , zaka zomaliza zomwe ojambula adagwiritsa ntchito ku Italy, m'nyumba yake pafupi ndi Florence.

Symbolism ndi "Chilumba cha Akufa"

Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake, Beklin anajambula malo ndi zomangamanga. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ntchito yake yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ntchito yotchuka kwambiri yojambula zithunzi za ku Swiss inalembedwa mu mtundu wa chizindikiro. Komabe, adakondanso kwambiri masewera ndi zochitika zakale zamatsenga. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya Arnold Becklin, The Island of the Dead, ndi chithunzi chomwe chili malo, chiphunzitso cha nthano, ndi ntchito yovuta ndi zovuta, zophiphiritsa komanso zobisika zambiri.

Pa chithunzi choyang'ana kumbuyo kwa denga, pali chilumba chaching'ono chotsukidwa ndi madzi a galasi. Pachilumbachi mumakula mdima wamdima, ndipo mumatanthwe muli mabowo amodzimadzimodzi omwe amakumbukira makutu. Pamphepete mwa madzi bwato lalikulu limatumizidwa ku chilumbacho, kumene kuli awiri. Chimodzi mwa ziwerengerocho chikulumikizidwa mu nsalu yoyera, ngati chophimba, ndipo imayima kutsogolo kwa bokosi loyera, lofanana ndi bokosi.

Pakati pazinthu zambiri, kutchuka kwambiri ndiko kusewera koyambirira kwa nthano zachi Greek. Malinga ndi iye, miyoyo ya ofa akufa, osankhidwa ndi milungu ndi umunthu wapadera amapezeka pachilumba chapadera pakati pa Styx River. Chiwerengero choyera chimatchulidwa ngati bwenzi la Charon.

Mutu wa imfa unali umodzi mwa ntchito zambiri za Beklin. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti "Arnold Beklin" asanatchule mayina ake pazithunzi zake, asanafike pa "Island of the Dead", iye adayitcha kuti Die Toteninsel. Kwa zaka zingapo, wojambulayo analemba zolemba zisanu ndi chimodzi, zisanu mwazolembedwa ndi Becklin mwiniwake, ndipo wachisanu ndi chimodzi analemba ndi mwana wake Carlo m'chaka chomaliza cha moyo wake.

Njira yoyamba

Lamulo la "Island of the Dead" Becklin analandira kuchokera kwa mwini wake, katswiri wachifundo Alex Gunther. Chojambula choyambacho chinalembedwa mu studio ya Florentine ya wojambula. Becklin anamaliza kujambula mu 1880, koma, monga Leonardo ndi "Jokkonda", sanafune kugawana nawo. "Chilumba Choyamba cha Akufa" chinakhalabe cholenga mpaka imfa yake.

Chifukwa cha chojambulidwa ichi pa kujambula ndikuti otsutsa ambiri amachitcha imfa ya mwana wamkazi wa Becklin. Mwanayo anamwalira mu 1877 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda a Chingerezi mumzinda wa Florence wa Florence. Manda awa adabzalidwa ndi makina apamwamba, omwe ofufuza a Swiss symbolist creativity amagwira kufanana ndi chithunzichi.

«Chithunzi cha maloto»

Pa ntchito yoyamba kujambula zithunzi za Florence Becklin anachezera Maria Berna, mkazi wamasiye wolemera wa ndalama za Georg von Bern. Mwinamwake, atasangalatsidwa ndi nsalu yosatha, mkaziyo adalamula kuti wojambulayo ndi "chithunzi cha maloto." Kwa iye, Becklin analemba kalata yachiwiri ya "chilumba", chomwe chinali chochepa kwambiri, cholembedwa pamapangidwe a matabwa ndipo chinapanga ndondomeko yosiyana kwambiri ya mtundu.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri pajambula "Chilumba cha Akufa", chomwe ndi boti lomwe lili ndi chifaniziro cha Charon, linawonjezeredwa ku pempho la Maria Bern, kulira mwamuna wake. Pambuyo pake, Beklin anakwera bwato osati pachithunzichi chachiwiri chabe, komanso pa choyamba.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya wokhala nawo womwenso anali pachilumba chachiwiri cha Island of the Dead, chojambulacho chinaperekedwa ku galasi mumzinda wa Lucerne, kumene unagulidwa ndi Gottfried Keller Foundation. Lero, kujambula kotchukaku kukuwonetsedwa ku New York Metropolitan Museum.

Kujambula kwa Fritz Gurlita

Yachitatu, mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wajambulawo unalembedwa ndi osonkhanitsa Fritz Gurlit. Iye, mofanana ndi awiri oyambirira, analembedwa ku Florence ndipo anamaliza mu 1883. Ichi ndi chosavuta kwambiri pazosiyana zosiyanasiyana za chithunzichi. Kuphatikiza pa chiwongolero chowoneka bwino, chigawo chachitatu cha "Island" chimasiyanitsidwa ndi dynamism - nsonga za mapepala ochepa kwambiri a pulasitiki pansi pa kuthamanga kwa mphepo, ndipo pamwamba pa madzi sichiwonetsedwa.

Bukuli ndi lodziwika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti Max Cleinger anapanga zokopa zapamwamba, zomwe Fritz Gurlit inasindikiza zokolola. Chakumapeto kwa XIX - zaka za m'ma 200 CE, zokololazi zinali zotchuka kwambiri ku Germany, kumene mafashoni awo anadza ku mayiko ena. Masiku ano, Old National Gallery ku Berlin amasonyeza kujambula koyambirira koyambirira.

Mavuto azachuma komanso kusiyana kwachinayi kwa chithunzicho

Chaka chotsatira ntchito yomaliza ya "Island of the Dead" itatha, banja lalikulu la Becklin linakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, zomwe zinachititsa kuti wojambulayo alembe mtundu wina wa zojambula zake, zomwe anazigulitsa kwa Baron Hans Thyssen-Bornemisse wa Cason.

Monga zipangizo zachinayi, Beklin ankagwiritsa ntchito utoto wamkuwa ndi mafuta. Mwatsoka, chithunzithunzi ichi sichingathe kupulumuka nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ndipo chinawonongedwa, mwinamwake ku Berlin kapena ku Rotterdam. Panali chithunzi chake chakuda ndi choyera chokha.

Chinsalu cha Museum of Fine Arts ku Leipzig

Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Beklin anabwereranso ku "Island of the Dead." Chithunzicho chinaperekedwa ndi Museum of Fine Arts mumzinda wa Leipzig wa Germany. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi ino wojambulayo ankasankha tempera mpaka mafuta.

Chithunzi chachisanu chikuwonetseratu kuti woyendetsa ngalawa amapita ku chilumbacho, pambali pake, ngalawayo imayandikira kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi zina zina zomwe mungasankhe. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, ngakhale kuti "Chilumba cha Akufa" sichikusinthika, Baibulo lirilonse liri ndi zosiyana zing'onozing'ono. Mtundu wa makina asanu ndi limodzi ndi wosiyana.

Kujambula "Chilumba cha Akufa" mu Hermitage

Chithunzi chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha kujambula kwa Arnold Becklin, komwe kuli padera, koma kuwonetseredwa ku Hermitage ya St. Petersburg, ndiyo yodziwika kwambiri. Mwinamwake chifukwa pakati pa kulembedwa kwachisanu ndichisanu ndi chimodzi cha "Chisumbu cha Akufa" pafupifupi zaka zisanu zapita. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Becklin analemba bukuli mogwirizana ndi mwana wake Carlo m'chaka chomaliza cha moyo wake.

Chikhalidwe cha nthawi yake

Mwachidziwitso chachilendo, ndi chithunzi ichi cha Becklin chomwe chinakhala ntchito yachipembedzo ya nthawi yake. Ndi "Chisumbu cha Akufa" - chithunzi chomwe chinabweretsa mbiri ya moyo kwa wolemba. Mu chikhalidwe china, Becklin anali pafupifupi amodzi, kutcha "Michelangelo wa New Era".

Malingana ndi anthu, "Chilumba cha Akufa" ndi chithunzi chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri pakati pa anyamata oyambirira komanso chikhalidwe cha nzeru zamakono komanso chigawo chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900.

Zotsatira zazithunzi zachitatu zajambula zinayendayenda ku Ulaya konse. Zithunzi za chidziwitso cha Beklin, zomwe ndi "Chisumbu cha Akufa" chinali chikhalidwe chachikulu komanso mbiri yakale. Apollinaire, Clemenceau, Freud, Dali, Kandinsky ndi Rachmaninov anachita chidwi ndi zamatsenga za chithunzichi ndi mphamvu zawo pa omvera. Njira yachitatu idagulidwa ndi Adolf Hitler ndipo inapachikidwa mu Chancellery ya Reich.

"Chilumba cha Akufa" - chithunzithunzi chomwe chakhala chitsimikizo cha zojambula zina zambiri mu kujambula, komanso nyimbo, cinema, ndakatulo ndi kujambulidwa.