History of Chemistry mwachidule: kufotokoza, maonekedwe ndi chitukuko. A History Short zimapangidwira

Magwero a sayansi zipangizo akhoza zimachitika nthawi kalekale. Agiriki akale ankadziwa zitsulo asanu ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zina zingapo. Golide, siliva, mkuwa, tini, kutsogolera chitsulo ndi Mercury - izi ndi zinthu ankadziwika pa nthawi. History zimapangidwira anayamba ndi nzeru yeniyeni. kumvetsa ongolankhula anali woyamba kugwiridwa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana ndi afilosofi - Aristotle, Plato, ndi Empedocles. Woyamba wa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti aliyense wa zinthu zimenezi zikhoza kusinthidwa n'kukhala wina. Iye zimachitika izi kuli kanthu primordial, yemwe anali chiyambi cha woyambitsa zinthu zonse.

nzeru wakale

Komanso wamba anali kukhulupirira kuti mtima wa aliyense thunthu mu dziko kuphatikiza mbali zinayi - madzi, moto, lapansi ndi mlengalenga. Ndi izi zachilengedwe ali ndi udindo kwa transmutation zitsulo. Imodzi, ndi V mu. BC. e. panali chiphunzitso cha atomism, amene anayambitsa anali Leucippus ndi mwana wake Democritus. Chiphunzitso chimenechi ananenetsa kuti zinthu zonse wapangidwa particles yokha. Iwo ankatchedwa maatomu. Ngakhale chiphunzitso sikuti apeza umboni wa sayansi Kale, kunali chiphunzitso thandizo zimapangidwira ano mu zaposachedwapa.

alchemy Igupto

Pafupifupi mu BC II atumwi. e. Science wakhala malo atsopano wa Alexandria ku Iguputo. Pali iyawonekambo alchemy. chilangochi zayamba monga kaphatikizidwe maganizo ongolankhula cha Plato ndi nzeru yeniyeni ya Agiriki. Mbiri ya nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi chidwi adakulabe mu zimapangidwira kuti zitsulo. Kwa iwo, anayamba ndi chizindikiro chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za mumlengalenga zinkadziwika ndi zakuthambo. Mwachitsanzo, siliva ankaoneka ngati mwezi, ndi chitsulo - monga Mars. Popeza sayansi panthawi imeneyo anali limodzi ku chipembedzo, ndipo alchemy, monga mwa mwambo wina uliwonse sayansi, anali woyang'anira wake mulungu (Thoth).

Mmodzi mwa akatswiri zofunika nthawi imeneyo anali Bolus wa Mendes, amene analemba ndemanga "Physics ndi zongoganiza." , Iye anafotokoza zitsulo ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali (ndi mtengo wa katundu wawo). alchemist wina Zosimus Panopolit ntchito zake kufufuza njira yokumba yopangira golide. Nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya kapangidwe zikamera anayamba ndi kufufuza za chitsulo chabwinocho. Asayansi ayesa kupanga zagolide kuyesera kapena matsenga.

asayansi Aigupto anaphunzira osati zitsulo okha, komanso ores omwe anali yotengedwa. Choncho linatsegulidwa mapaziwo apangidwa. Mtundu wa aloyi zitsulo ndi mankhwala enaake, amene watenga malo apadera maganizo a asayansi lapansi. Ena ankaganiza kuti iye anali thunthu chachikulu. Nthawi imeneyi monga njira anapeza ntchito yoyeretsa golide ndi nitrate patsogolo.

Arab Open

Ngati mayiko mu mbiri Agiriki zimapangidwira anayamba, ndiye anapitiriza kuti patapita zaka nthawi ya m'badwo Arab golide pamene ophunzira wamng'ono wa Islam anali chapatsogolo sayansi ya anthu. Ochita kafukufuku amenewa apeza zinthu zambiri zatsopano, monga antimony kapena phosphorous. Ambiri mwa chidziwitso wapadera ntchito mankhwala ndi mankhwala kuti papezeke mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Ndondomeko ya mbiri ya kapangidwe ka zinthu, popanda kutchula kwa mwala wa nthanthi - pamenepa lanthano chinthu chimene chimathandiza kutembenukira chinthu chilichonse golide, sizingatheke.

Padziko chaka zina 815. ndi alchemist Arab Jabir Ibn Hayyan anakonza chiphunzitso Mercury-sulfuric. Anafotokoza magwero a zitsulo zatsopano. Mfundo zimenezi akhala kwambiri kuti alchemy si yekha Arabic, komanso wa sukulu European.

asayansi European wa Ages Middle

Chifukwa Nkhondo za Mtanda ndi kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo akatswiri ambiri Mkhristu atadziwa za atulukira Asilamu. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XIII ndi azungu anatenga chikhulupiriro utsogoleri malo kafukufuku zipangizo. History of Chemistry wa Ages Middle ngongole zambiri Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Raymond Lully, ndi zina zotero. D.

Mosiyana ndi maphunziro Loona za sayansi Arabic anali zinapatsira ndi mzimu wa Chikhristu ndi nthano. Madera aakulu zipangizo kuphunzira anayamba mchitidwe umenewu. Chimodzi mwa zomwe yoyamba ansembe anali atulukira ammonia. Zinali wotchuka wazamulungu Bonaventura. Inayambira asayansi pang'ono bwanji anthu bola Roger Bacon anafotokoza ufa mu 1249. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nkhaniyi zasinthiratu kumalo omenyera nkhondo ndi makamu zipolopolo.

M'zaka za m'ma XVI alchemy wabweza kutsogolera monga mwambo zachipatala. Kwambiri kudziwika ntchito Paraltsesa amene anapeza mankhwala ambiri.

nthawi yatsopano

Kusinthaku ndi Kubwera kwa masiku ano sanathe koma bwanji ndi mmene zinthu zinapangidwira. Iye anachotsa malankhulidwe zambiri achipembedzo, anakhala sayansi wazotsatira ndi experimental. The mpainiya azimuth adakhala Robert Boyle, amene waika pamaso pa kapangidwe ka cholinga chapadera - kupeza mankhwala ambiri monga momwe angathere, komanso kuphunzira zikuchokera zawo ndi katundu.

Mu 1777, Antuan Lavuaze anakonza chiphunzitso mpweya wa kuyaka. Anakhala maziko kwa chilengedwe cha munthu nomenclature latsopano la sayansi. History of Chemistry, mwachidule anafotokoza mu buku lake "pulaimale Njira ya Chemistry", wapanga yojambula. Lavoisier anali tebulo latsopano la zinthu zosavuta, zochokera m'chilamulo cha kusamala misa. malingaliro wosinthika ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe cha mankhwala. Tsopano, umagwirira anakhala wodziimira zomveka sayansi, ozikidwa yekha zatsopano ndi umboni weniweni.

XIX atumwi

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX Dzhon Dalton anakonza chiphunzitso atomiki dongosolo kanthu. Ndipotu, anabwereza ndi kulimbitsa ziphunzitso nzeru zapamwamba wakale Democritus. Ntchito pali mawu monga misa atomiki.

Ndi kutsegula kwa malamulo atsopano anapatsidwa kutsogolera latsopano mbiri ya zasayansi. Mwachidule, kumayambiriro a XVIII ndi XIX zaka. panali masamu ndi thupi ziphunzitso, amene mosavuta komanso molondola anafotokoza zosiyanasiyana zinthu pa dziko. Oyamba Dalton lidatsirizika pamene Swedish wasayansi Jens Jakob Berzelius womangidwa maatomu ndi mitengo magetsi. Iye anaupatsa zinthu tsopano bwino amaona ngati makalata Latin.

atomiki misa

Mu 1860, akatswiri padziko lonse pa msonkhano mu Krlsrue anazindikira lofunika atomiki-maselo chiphunzitso, bungwe Stanislao Cannizzaro. Mothandizidwa ndi kulemera wachibale wa mpweya inaŵerengeredwa. Choncho mbiri zimapangidwira (mwachidule kufotokoza zovuta kwambiri) kwa zaka zingapo zasintha yaitali.

Wachibale atomiki misa kuloledwa dongosolo zinthu zonse. M'zaka za m'ma XIX izo akufuna zosiyanasiyana zimene mungachite pa momwe angachitire izo ndi yabwino kwambiri ndi othandiza. Koma koposa zonse anakwanitsa Russian wasayansi Dmitri Mendeleev. Lake dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu, akufuna mu 1869, anakhala maziko umagwirira ano.

umagwirira zamakono

A zaka makumi angapo izo anapeza elekitironi ndi chodabwitsa cha mpweya wa poizoni. Izi anatsimikizira mfundo Kale za divisibility wa maatomu. Komanso, anapezazo izi kutsogolera chitukuko cha chilango m'malire umagwirira ndi sayansi. Panali zitsanzo za dongosolo atomiki.

A sewero mwachidule mbiri ya zasayansi simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchula zimango kwadzidzidzi. chilango Izi zimaononga ulaliki wa limasonyeza mwa nkhaniyo. njira zatsopano kwa kusanthula sayansi ndi ziphunzitso. Awa anali yofanana yosiyanasiyana ya X-ray kafukufuku wazamawalidwe ndi ntchito.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mbiri ya kapangidwe ka zinthu, mwachidule tafotokozazi, zinali zodzaza ndi zotsatira kwambiri molumikizana ndi zamoyo ndi mankhwala. Latsopano wothandizila ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amakono ndi zina zotero. G. Mapuloteni dongosolo anali kuphunzira, DNA ndi zinthu zina zofunika mwa zamoyo. A sewero mwachidule mbiri ya zasayansi kungachititse kutsegula zinthu zatsopano mu tebulo nthawi imene experimentally analandira.