Divergence - zili zamoyo izo ziri? zitsanzo divergence

Divergence mu zamoyo - ndichiyani? Nthawi zina, anthu okhala mu mapangidwe zosawononga chilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zotumphukira angakhale osiyana wosiyana ena alionse, makamaka pomwe pali lalikulu zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Majini divergence - zili zamoyo ndondomeko imene anthu awiri kapena kuposa mitundu ya makolo paokha kudziunjikira kusintha majini (masinthidwe) kuti apange angathe kupulumuka mbewu. kusiyana chibadwa mwa anthu divergent zingaphatikizepo masinthidwe kuti musakhale bwanji fenotayipi, komanso chifukwa zidzasintha kwambiri morphological ndi thupi.

divergence majini

Pa mlingo wa maselo chibadwa divergence mu zamoyo - ndi kusintha chibadwa zimene zimachitika chifukwa cha speciation. Komabe, akatswiri amanena kuti ndi chodziwikiratu kuti zodabwitsazi chifukwa chidwi wina wolemera ndipo masinthidwe lalikulu mu locus chibadwa. Ngati n'kotheka, masinthidwe izi sanathe kunditumiza ku mibadwo ya m'tsogolo. Choncho, m'pamenenso zikugwilizana chimake kudzipatula ubereki, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha masinthidwe angapo ang'onoang'ono pa kusanduka.

divergent kusanduka

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka divergence mu zamoyo - ndi chodabwitsa wachibale amene anthu awa poyamba kudziunjikira kusiyana njira ya chitukuko cha chisinthiko, ndipo pang'onopang'ono moonjezera osiyana. Zimenezi imatchedwanso "zikusiyana" limafotokonzera "The Origin of Species" (1859). Pamaso Darwin mizere ambiri kuchokera kumaliseche chapakati cha mtundu wa mitundu imene yatchedwa ndi Alfred Russel Wallace mu chaka cha 1858. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha miyambo ya chiphunzitso chimenechi, divergence pazifukwa ziwiri:

• Timatha thupi kuti mtundu uwu kupulumuka mu mawonekedwe kusinthidwa ndi ntchito niches latsopano kwachilengedwenso.
• Izi zosiyanasiyana kuwonjezeka kumawonjezera mphamvu dziphunzitsiranso m'badwo wamng'ono zosiyanasiyana malo.

mfundo izi ziri mwangwiro Wonenedwa, kuyambira zatsopano awo zimavuta kwambiri ndi kovuta.

divergence maselo

Ndi chiyani icho mu mawu a zamoyo? Izi chiwerengero cha nucleotides zosiyana pakati pawo zigawo ziwiri DNA. Komanso akhoza zimasiyana kuchuluka kwa amino zidulo pakati pa polypeptides awiri. Mawu akuti "divergence" ntchito m'nkhani imeneyi pamene pali maganizo oti mamolekyulu awiri ana a mmodzi wa molekyulu kholo. Mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka zimawonedwa osati kusiyana komanso confluence a zochitika, monga mwakusakaniza ndi kutengerapo yopingasa. Ndipo zinthu zimenezi zimachitika kwambiri kawirikawiri. zimagwirira maselo a zamoyo zinachita divergence zakuthupi majini monga nyukiliotayidi oloŵa m'malo, deletions, insertions, chromosomal recombination, transposition ndi inversion, mwendo, kutembenuka ndi kusintha jini yopingasa. chiwerengero cha oloŵa m'malo nyukiliotayidi ndi muyeso yosavuta zothandiza mlingo wa divergence pakati pa mbali ziwiri. Ndipotu, pali njira zingapo zilipo amati chiwerengero cha oloŵa m'malo nyukiliotayidi ndiponso kumanga mtengo phylogenetic kuti amasonyeza kusiyana njira m'kati kusanduka.

analogue a mgwirizano ndi

Divergence mu zamoyo - ndi analogue a mgwirizano zamoyo zinachita, imene zamoyo ndi makolo yosiyana kukhala ngati chifukwa kusankha zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchentche ndi mbalame zayambika kukhala ofanana m'njira yakuti iwo ndi mapiko ndi kuwuluka, ngakhale makolo awo flightless anali osiyana kwambiri. Ndipotu, awa awiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana zinthu zamoyo. Divergence mu zamoyo - ndi zamoyo zinachita chochitika Mudali awiri morphological kapena maselo khalidwe ku kholo limodzi. zizindikiro zimenezi poyamba anali ofanana, koma akhala sakanikira m'kupita kwa chirengedwe. Mu nkhani ya divergence ayenera kukhala pamlingo winawake kufanana pakati pa mbali ziwiri kukankhira kopanda kuti panali kholo limodzi. Pakuti mgwirizano M'malo mwake, payenera kukhala dissimilarity ena, kuyambira mbali ena Anabwereka ndi makolo palokha kwathunthu. Choncho, kusiyanitsa divergence ndi mgwirizano ndi zovuta kukhazikitsa.

Divergence zithunzi zamoyo

Divergent Evolution (balati divergentia -. Divergence) Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha mayamwidwe a mtundu womwewo mu mapangidwe osiyana ndi lakutali. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi: ambiri a anthu pa dziko ndi nthambi chapamwamba anthu ndi anyani - dzanja mu inakhala - yoteroyo mbalame - mapiko, nsomba - ndi zipsepse ndi zina zotero. ziwalo zonsezi ntchito ndi zamoyo m'njira zambiri, koma anachokera ndi zofanana. The divergence kumachitika pa gulu lililonse la zamoyo ofanana. Kwakukulu chiwerengero kusiyana kwambiri, kulakwika. Ndipo zitsanzo zimenezi mu chikhalidwe, pali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri, monga nkhandwe ndi. Ngati malo ake ali m'chipululu, ndi ubweya wa nyama za mtundu wina kumathandiza chinthu okha kwa adani. Red nkhandweyo amakhala ku nkhalango, kumene "malaya wofiyira" ali pamodzi ndi zokongola m'deralo. Mu chipululu, kutentha kuvumbitsira zovuta kutenthetsa, kotero makutu a nkhandwe wachita kusanduka kuti chachikulu, chotero kuti thupi kamakhala kuchotsa kutentha owonjezera. Zofunika zikuluzikulu mu nkhani iyi makamaka zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ndiponso kusintha amafuna osati kusiyana chibadwa. Ngati iwo ankakhala mu malo omwewo, zikuoneka kuti iwo apanga mofananamo. Divergent kusanduka - ndi kutsimikizira kwa moyandikana chibadwa.

The divergence m'chilengedwe: Zitsanzo

Evolution - ndondomeko imene zamoyo kusintha pa nthawi. Mbali yaikulu ndiyakuti zonsezi ndi wochedwa ndipo akutenga zikwi kapena zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Divergence mu zamoyo - ndichiyani? Mwachitsanzo, kusintha thupi: ena mkulu, ena otsika, ena ndi tsitsi wofiira, ena - wakuda, pali kuwala khungu, khungu lakuda kumeneko. Mofanana ndi anthu, zinthu zina zamoyo komanso ndi zambiri kusintha mkati mwa anthu limodzi.

Divergence - ndi Biology (zimasonyeza izi) wofunikila kudzikundikira kusintha kupulumuka mbewu. Mungapereke chitsanzo pa moyo weniweniwo. Pa zilumba za Galápagos pali mitundu ya mbalame. Pamene Charles Darwin anapita malo awa, ananena kuti nyama zimenezi ndithu ofanana, koma ena kusiyana kwakukulu pakati iwo alipo. Ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe a milomoyo awo. kholo lawo wamba kakusintha cheza dziphunzitsiranso kuti nawonso, kukula kwa mtundu watsopano. Mwachitsanzo, pa chilumba, kumene mbewu anali wochuluka, milomoyo mbalame sakanakhoza kukhala bwino yosayenera kudya mtundu uwu chakudya. Pa dongosolo lina chilumba cha mlomo wa kuthandiza nyama kudya tizilombo. Pomaliza, pali mitundu yatsopano, ndi aliyense ali mbali yake yapadera.

Divergent kusanduka kumachitika pamene tikulankhula za mitundu latsopano. Monga ulamuliro, m'pofunika kuti azolowere zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi phazi, zomwe n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi miyendo nyani, ngakhale kholo lawo wamba - ndi Kanyaniko. A mtundu watsopano (mu nkhani iyi, anthu) kusanduka chifukwa panali sipafinikanso kukwera mitengo. Bipedalism wapanga ndisinthe okwana ya kusintha liwiro, moyenera ndi kayendedwe azilandira padziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti anthu ndi anyani ndi chibadwa zofanana, iwo apanga zosiyanasiyana makhalidwe thupi ndi zofunika kuti tipitirize.