Economic Schools ndi chitukuko

anthu n'kudziwa kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu ndi mwauzimu anthu. ayenera kukwaniritsidwa ndi cholinga chachikulu cha nawo anthu timakhala mafakitale ndi maziko a chitukuko zachuma.

zofuna phindu

zosowa anthu kuyendetsa anthu kuchitapo kanthu. Zofuna kulibe molumikizana ndi njira imene wosangalala iwo. "Zida" awa anapanga mwachindunji mu mayendedwe a. Labor - ntchito yopindulitsa. Izo kumaonekera makamaka kuthekera anthu kulenga zinthu ndi njira yopanga zinthu. Mu mapangidwe chapakati katundu mtima ntchito chuma ntchito.

chidwi zachuma

Zimachitika pa maziko a zosiyanasiyana zofunika. Economic zofuna - zolinga zofunika za ntchito. Pamene kupanga kusintha kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha zofuna. Nawonso, zimathandiza kuti pofuna kukwaniritsa chuma. Mapangidwe ayenera, mwa zina, kumatengera zifukwa zotengera malingaliridwe. Izi makamaka monga zokonda ndi zofuna za munthu, zosoŵa zauzimu za aliyense thupi ndi makhalidwe maganizo, komanso miyambo wowerengeka ndi makhalidwe ake. Mogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe mavuto amene munthu amakakamizidwa kukhazikitsa phindu la ntchito kapena katundu.

ntchito yopanga

Iwo ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi dongosolo la zachuma. Yotsirizira ndi anthu pokha bungwe limagwirira. Chifukwa chuma zochepa zilipo, kuthandiza anthu onse a anthu sizingatheke. Komabe, chitukuko linkasamala ku kuti cholinga monga abwino kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa anthu kukhala zosiyanasiyana zipangizo zomwe adzalola kugwiritsa ntchito. Monga mmodzi mwa njira imeneyi amachita zachuma.

zinthu koyamba

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za maganizo a zachuma akupezeka mu ntchito za aphunzitsi ku Egypt ndi ku Mfundo wakale Indian. malamulo othandiza pa nkhani kasamalidwe, imapezekanso mu Baibulo. Malangizo sayansi chiphunzitso zachuma anayamba kutuluka bwino mu ntchito za akale ofufuza nzeru za Chigiriki. Mfundo yoyamba anakonza ndi Xenophon, Aristotle, Plato. Zinali iwo amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "ndalama", kusonyeza iwo chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe ndi kusamalira banja zinthu kapolo. malangizo awa abwera pa mbali ya ntchito zachilengedwe ndi msika.

Kukula kwa sukulu zachuma

Ntchito za aphunzitsi wakale Greek anakhala maziko pofuna kukwaniritsa kuphunzitsa. Patapita unagawika malangizo angapo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapanga izi sukulu pankhani ya zachuma:

• Mercantilism.
• Marxism.
• Physiocrats.
• Chakale School of Economics.
• Keynesianism.
• Neoclassical sukulu.
• Monetarism.
• Marginalism ndi sukulu mbiri.
• Institutionalism.
• Neoclassical kaphatikizidwe.
• Kwakukulu kumanzere sukulu.
• Neoliberalism.
• The sukulu opambana chiphunzitso cha chuma.

General maonekedwe a m'madera miyambo

Masukulu waukulu zachuma anali maganizo osiyana a akatswiri osiyanasiyana. Udindo waukulu mu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso miyambo nyimbo ndi kanjedza monga F. Quesnay, William Petit, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, DS Miles, Jean-Baptiste Nena. Pamene kusiyana maganizo pamodzi malingaliro angapo wamba, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a sukulu chakale zachuma. Choyamba, olemba onsewa anali kumbali ya liberalism zachuma. Kwenikweni zake amaonetsa mawu akuti laissez faire, lomwe limatanthauza kuti "tiyeni kuchita". Mfundo kufunika izi ndale kukonza ndi Physiocrats. Cholinga chake chinali kupereka wathunthu ufulu chuma cha munthu ndi mpikisano, alowererepo malire boma. Izi masukulu awiri a zachuma wosasamala munthu monga "Chikhaliro malonda". Chilakolako cha munthuyo chulutsa chuma chake kumathandiza kuti a anthu lonse. Makinawa kudziletsa kusintha limagwirira ( "zosaoneka dzanja," monga Smith anamutcha) anatsogolera zochita anthuwo ogula ndi alimi kuti yaitali mgwirizano unakhazikitsidwa dongosolo lonse. Pankhaniyi, anapitiriza nzeru izo underproduction, kupanga perevyrabotki ndi ulova n'zosatheka. Olemba maganizo adzipangira chopereka kwambiri mapangidwe sukulu ya zachuma. Kenako, akhala ndi bwino. m'masukulu ambiri a zachuma anapanga kuwonjezapo awo kuti malingaliro awa. Chifukwa, ife anapanga dongosolo ofanana siteji makamaka za mapangidwe a anthu. Choncho panali Mwachitsanzo, sukulu umoyo ndi zachuma.

lingaliro Smith

Pamaziko a sukulu ya zachuma, amene anali kutsatira za chithunzi ichi, mfundo mtengo ntchito wakhala otukuka. Smith ndi otsatira ake ankakhulupirira kuti likulu mapangidwe ikuchitika osati mwa ulimi. Mu ndondomekoyi, zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito ndi Boma ena alionse, mtundu wonse. Gululi sukuluyi chiphunzitso zachuma amanena kuti ndi nawo ndondomeko kupanga, antchito a misinkhu yonse kulowa co-opareshoni, co-ntchito, womwe kumatha osiyana zipatso ndi "wouma" zochitika. mogwirizana zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri pamene ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a msika chofunika.

Sukulu Economic: Mercantilism ndi Physiocrats

Ziphunzitso zimenezi, monga tafotokozazi, analipo zaka mazana 18-19. sukuluzi zachuma maganizo pa ulimi wa chuma chikhalidwe. Choncho, mercantilism unachitikira lingaliro kuti maziko a malonda waima. Kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa chuma chikhalidwe ndi zonse akutanthauza boma ayenera kuthandiza opanga zoweta ndi ogulitsa, kuteteza zinthu zakunja. Physiocrats ankakhulupirira kuti maziko chuma ulimi. Society, iwo anali magulu atatu: eni, alimi zosapindulitsa. Monga mbali ya tebulo akhala anakonza chiphunzitso, amene anakhala maziko mapangidwe chitsanzo cha bwino interbranch.

Malo ena 18-19 zaka

Marginalism - wachi Austria School, kutsatira mfundo za zofunikira mmphepete. A chithunzi kutsogolera munda anali Carl Menger. Oimira sukuluyi anafotokoza mfundo yonena za "mtengo" pa kaonedwe ka ogula kuwerenga maganizo. Iwo anayesera kuwombola m'munsi si pa ndalama kupanga, koma pa ziyenera zotengera malingaliridwe a mtengo wa katundu wogulitsa ndi anagula. Neoclassical sukulu, woimira amene anali Alfred Marshall, anakamba mfundo ubale zinchito. Masamu anali wothandiza Leon Valras. Iye yodziwika msika chuma monga dongosolo kuti akhoza kukwaniritsa bwino ndi anzake a kapezedwe ndi kufunika. Iwo kukwaniritsa ambiri msika mfundo anayamba kupanga.

Keynesians ndi institutionalists

Keynes zochokera maganizo ake pa kufufuza dziko lonse zachuma wonse. Malinga ndi iye, msika kapangidwe ndi poyamba osati mu mgwirizano. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iye analimbikitsa boma lamulo okhwima malonda. Othandiza institutionalism, Earhart ndi Galbraith, ankaona kuti Kupenda chilli zachuma sizingatheke popanda kutenga nkhani mapangidwe chilengedwe. Iwo adaganiza kuphunzira mabuku a dongosolo la zachuma mu mphamvu ya kusanduka.

Marxism

malangizo awa abwera pa chiphunzitso cha mtengo zotsala ndi mfundo za anakonza mapangidwe chuma cha dziko. A chithunzi kutsogolera chiphunzitso kulimbikitsa Karl Marks. ntchito zake kenako amenewa anayamba ntchito za Plekhanov, Chichewa, Lenin, ndipo otsatira ena. Zinthu zina za kuika patsogolo ndi Marx, anali ndikusinthidwa "revisionists". Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, ndi kanjedza monga Bernstein, Sombart, Tugan-Baranovsky, ndi ena. Mu Soviet Union, Marxism anali ngati maziko a maphunziro a zachuma ndi chokha malangizo sayansi.

Modern Russia: ndi HSE

School of Economics ndi kafukufuku amene akuchita ntchitoyi, maphunziro, yamakolo ndi katswiri-mawunikidwe ntchito. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo lonse. Apamwamba School of Economics, kumachita monga mbali ya m'dera maphunziro awo, ndi mfundo zawo ankaona kukhala mgwirizano padziko lonse yunivesite, mgwirizano ndi mabungwe akunja. Kukhala yunivesite Russian, bungwe ntchito zabwino za dziko ndi anthu ake. Malangizo yaikulu ya HSE - wazotsatira ndi ongolankhula kafukufuku komanso kufalitsa nzeru. Kuphunzitsa pa University si khalidwe la ofunika.