Kapangidwe ka phazi monga chizindikiro cha ungwiro zinachokera thupi.

Chisinthiko bipedalism kupanga mbali yapadera mafupa a anthu, omwe alibe analogues mwa zidutswa ofanana a mafupa ndi nthumwi zina za dziko nyama. Choyamba, chingasinthe mawonekedwe a msana, amene analola munthu adzakhala mu malo choimirira ndi ulemu pamwamba pa gulu lake. Lachiwiri, chikhalidwe, anapatsidwa katundu zonse pa phazi, phazi la mafupa zasintha moti nawonso, sanamve kutopa pamene akuyenda pansi kapena kuima. Daily kuchita galimoto kuchita chilichonse ndi mbali mu nthambi m'munsi, munthu wotayika amaika kuthamanga onse kulemera wake padziko thunthu looneka ngati osalimba ndi zazing'ono. Kapangidwe ka phazi zovuta mu chilengedwe, monga mu unit structural lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mafupa, Mitsemphayi, mafupa, ndi woonda kwambiri, komanso osiyana mu makhalidwe ake zinchito minofu. Mafupa pano, monga ndithudi mwa wina aliyense gawo la thupi ndi mafupa kuti apange maonekedwe osiyana ndi a phazi. Monga m'manja mwa nthambi chapamwamba, ndipo phazi, pali zinthu zitatu zofunika dipatimenti.

1. Tariso. Kotero ndicho gawo limene limalumikizana lalikulu mafupa tubular wa malekezero m'munsi chabwino. Malinga ndi kapangidwe awo histological mafupa tarsal akhoza wachinsinsi monga chinkhupule ndi makulidwe yochepa. Okwana pali asanu ndi awiri ang'onoang'ono Tariso mafupa, amene waukulu amaonedwa kugunda ndi calcaneus. Ena, ndiwo atatu mphero woboola pakati, cuboid ndi mafupa navicular miyeso awo ali kwambiri wolephera woyamba awiri. Kapangidwe ka phazi makamaka kuti ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mafupa articular pa pamwamba ochepa. Astragalus ndi tibia mafupa kupanga ndi bondo olowa. Mafupa otsala phazi anthu unagwirizanitsanso kwa wina ndi mzake kudzera mfundo zina.
2. Hock. Ndi gawo pakati mafupa predplyusnievymi ndi phalanges mapazi. Metatarsals imakonzedwa penapake wapotalikira zitatu mphero-mphako ndi fupa cuboid. M'mafupa plyusnievyh atatu chosaiwalika: kumutu amene zikugwirizana ndi phalanxes, thupilo ndipo m'munsi polumikiza nyumba izi anatomical ndi mafupa ang'ono tarsal zimfundo ndi.
3. Phalanges. Iwo amakhala atatu, osati kuphatikizapo chala choyamba chija, m'menemo muli phalanges awiri okha. Izi ndi mbali yokhayo ya okwana, zimene kukhala wopindidwa, ndiponso unbent, wosafuna kutenga nkhani bondo olowa, limene liri theka la mafupa mwendo.

Kapangidwe ka phazi lili ndi chinthu chinanso yeniyeni, ndipo chifukwa onse udindo ofukula za thupi lonse. chakuti olamulira kotenga phazi ili pafupifupi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ufulu olamulira ofukula za gawo proximal wa miyendo m'munsi Komabe, fupa m'dera sali mu ndege mofanana ena a iwo ndipamene kotenga, ndi mbali zina za Chipilala yopingasa. The theka concave wa yekha akukumana phazi, ndi otukukira kunja - pamwamba kumbuyo, motero. nyumba imeneyi phazi amapereka springiness, elasticity ndi kusalala kwa gait. Pa zina, munthu wathanzi pansi mwamphamvu akhuya chidendene fupa (phiri ake) ndipo mutu wa mafupa metatarsal. China chilichonse moyandikana pansi ndi yofewa zimakhala phazi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ie, pa nthawi ya mpumulo, wotsutsa wamkulu yothandizira, woimiridwa ndi pamwamba akunja phazi, komanso wokhudza pansi, ndipo mbali inayo m'mphepete mkati pang'ono anaukitsidwa kwa pansi ndi kumachita monga tsamba masika (kasupe gulu zanu). Pa kuyenda pa Chipilala flattens masika gulu, limabwerera ku malo ake apachiyambi, potero pokonza sitepe ndi kuchepetsa katundu thupi pa phazi lokha.