Kapangidwe, zikuchokera, mfundo za bungwe ndi katundu wa topezeka kudera

Topezeka - ndi zamoyo, zomwe imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo, malo awo, ndi limasonyeza kuti agwire kuwombola mphamvu pakati pawo. Panopa, mawu ndi Cholinga chenicheni cha zachilengedwe.

kapangidwe

katundu topezeka anaphunzira posachedwapa. Asayansi olekanitsidwa ake mbali ziwiri zomwe zikuthandizira - biotic ndi abiotic. Woyamba ogaŵikana heterotrophic (kupanga zinthu kuti alandire mphamvu kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa organic zinthu - consuments ndi decomposers) ndi autotrophic (zamoyo analandira mphamvu yaikulu kwa dzuwa ndi chemosynthesis, mwachitsanzo opanga ..).

The chofunika mphamvu koyenera kuti kuli topezeka lonse ndi alimi kuti kuyamwa mphamvu ku dzuwa, kutentha, ndi mankhwala kogwirizana. Choncho autotrophs ndi oimira woyamba mlingo trophic wa topezeka lonse. Wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachinayi milingo anapanga chifukwa consuments. decomposers pakanema angathe kumasulira mu zopanda moyo organic zigawo abiotic.

Katundu topezeka mwachidule zimene mungathe kuwerenga m'nkhani imeneyi inaperekedwa kwa chitukuko zachilengedwe ndi kukonzedwanso.

The Gawo la topezeka kudera

Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa topezeka kudera - malingaliro waukulu cholinga, amene zikugwira zachilengedwe. Iwo anaganiza kuonetsetsa zizindikiro amenewa:

- nyengo zinthu, yozungulira kutentha ndi chinyezi ndi chiwalitsiro mode;

- organic binders zigawo abiotic ndi biotic mu makope zinthu;

- pawiri zochita kupanga m'gulu mkombero mphamvu;

- alimi - ndi zamoyo yotulutsa mankhwala chachikulu;

- fagotrofy - heterotrophs kuti kudya zinthu zina kapena particles organic zinthu zazikulu;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs amene angathe kuwononga akufa organic, mineralize ndi kubwerera ku kufalitsidwa.

Kuchotsedwa zigawo zikuluzikulu atatu otsiriza umabala zotsalira zazomera wa topezeka kudera.

Topezeka katundu ndi mfundo za bungwe lomwe maphunziro zachilengedwe, ukugwira ntchito kupyolera midadada ya zinthu:

1. Saprophagous - chakudya pa nkhani akufa organic.
2. Biofagi - kudya zinthu zina zamoyo.

Zopezera zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe

katundu topezeka imakhudzana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana amene amakhala mu izo. Zamoyo zochuluka ndi zovuta zambiri chakudya unyolo, wamkulu mtendere wa topezeka kudera.

Zachilengedwe n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa imakuthandiza kupanga ambiri m'madera, omwe amasiyana mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi ntchito, ndipo amatipatsa kuthekera lenileni la mapangidwe awo. Choncho apamwamba zamoyo, m'madera angapo momwemo, ndi Kwakukulu kuchuluka biogeochemical zochita akhoza kuchitika, pamene kuonetsetsa kuti kuli biosphere zovuta.

Zoona kapena ziweruzo za katundu wa topezeka kudera? Kwa lingaliro ili yodziwika kukhulupirika, bata, ndi kudzikonda lamulo samovosproizvodimost. Ambiri umboni ndi kuyang'anila tibwezere kuti inde funso limeneli.

zokolola za m'chilengedwe

Pa phunziro la zokolola achita patsogolo mfundo monga zotsalira zazomera mbewu ataima. Liwu lachiwiri Mzimuyo unyinji wa zamoyo zonse okhala m'dera wagawo madzi kapena dziko. Koma amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni - ndi deta kulemera matupi, koma mawu a mphamvu kapena youma kanthu organic.

Zotsalira zazomera zikuphatikizapo thupi lonse (kuphatikizapo minofu necrotic nyama ndi zomera.) Zotsalira zazomera amakhala nekromassoy kokha pamene wamwalira thupi lonse.

Pulayimale m'dera kupanga - ndi mapangidwe alimi a zotsalira zazomera mphamvu, popanda yekha, sipangakhalenso ntchito pa kupuma pa malo wagawo pa nthawi unit.

Kuonetsetsa lalikulu ukonde kupanga yaikulu. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi mtengo wa kupuma.

The zokolola ukonde wa m'deralo - ndi mlingo wa kudzikundikira organic nkhani, zomwe kudya heterotrophs, ndi chifukwa, ndipo decomposers. Anavomerezedwa kuwerengera kwa chaka kapena nyengo kukula.

zokolola Secondary a m'deralo - ndi mlingo wa ndalama mphamvu ndi ogula. The topezeka akuluakulu ogula, ndi mabuku lalikulu mphamvu zobwezerezedwanso.

Self-lamulo

katundu topezeka monga kudzikonda lamulo ndi mphamvu yomwe ndi Lamulo anthu osiyanasiyana ndi ubwenzi chakudya pakati pawo. Pamene yafupika kuchuluka kwa ogula chachikulu, ndi ogwirira kunditumiza ku mitundu ina amene kale anali kwa kufunika sekondale.

Long unyolo mwina alipo, kupanga kuthekera zosiyanasiyana ubale chakudya, malingana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene kapena zokolola za zomera. Mu bwino za nthawi chiwerengero cha mitundu mwina kuchepetsedwa - motero asapita dekhetsa mu biogenotsenoze.

Zilizonse alowererepo anthu topezeka kudera limenelo zingakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa. Kunja kwa Australia awiriawiri khumi la akalulu mu zaka makumi anai akula kuti mazana angapo a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Ichi chinali chifukwa nambala osakwanira cha adani kuti kudya iwo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyama furry ndi kuononga zomera zonse kumtunda.

biosphere

Biosphere - ndi topezeka mmodzi waudindo wapamwamba, kulumikizanitsa mu topezeka limodzi lonse ndipo amatipatsa kuthekera kwa moyo padziko lapansi.

The katundu wa biosphere monga zachilengedwe topezeka lonse amaphunzira sayansi. Nkofunika kudziwa mmene kumanga njira zimene zimakhudza miyoyo ya zamoyo zonse wonse.

The zikuchokera biosphere kumaphatikizapo zigawo zikuluzikulu:

- The hydrosphere - chipolopolo madzi a Dziko Lapansi. Ndi mafoni ndi kukatenga kulikonse. Madzi - wapadera pawiri yemwe ali mmodzi wa maziko a moyo wa chamoyo chilichonse.

- Mpweya - ndi lightest mpweya chigoba cha Earth, kumalire ndi dziko la mlengalenga. Zikomo kwa iye, pali kuuzana mphamvu ndi kunja;

- lithosphere - zovuta chipolopolo lapansi wopangidwa mwa miyala magmatic ndi nyanja.

- pedosphere - topsheet lithosphere chikukhudza nthaka ndi nthaka mapangidwe ndondomeko. Iwo akugawana malire ndi zokutira m'mbuyomo, ndipo atseka mphamvu zonse ndi m'zinthu nkhaniyi biosphere lapansi.

The biosphere si dongosolo chatsekedwa, popeza pafupifupi kwathunthu operekedwa ndi dzuwa mphamvu.

zimadalirana yokumba

zimadalirana yokumba - ndi dongosolo analenga chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo agrocnosises ndi dongosolo zachilengedwe ndi zachuma.

The zikuchokera ndi katundu yaikulu ya topezeka kulengedwa mwa munthu, osati yosiyana kwambiri panopa. Lilinso ndi alimi, ogula ndi decomposers. Koma pali kusiyana mu kusokonekera kwa zinthu ndiponso mphamvu utuluke.

zimadalirana yokumba amasiyana zachilengedwe magawo zotsatirazi:

1. A chiwerengero laling'ono kwambiri mitundu ndi predominance bwino chimodzi kapena zingapo.
2. kukana zochepa, ndipo kudalira pamwamba pa mitundu yonse ya mphamvu (kuphatikizapo munthuyo).
3. Short chakudya unyolo chifukwa zosiyanasiyana ka mitundu.
4. Open-kupalasa njinga zipangizo chifukwa kusiya katundu Community kapena kukolola munthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe M'malo mwake, monga mwa kuzungulira ngati kuli kotheka kwa izo.

The katundu wa topezeka kulengedwa mu malo kumangidwa, zachilengedwe otsika katundu. Ngati mulibe kukhala utuluke mphamvu, ndiye patapita nthawi yina kubwezeretsa zinangokhalako zokha.

topezeka nkhalango

Kapangidwe ndi katundu zinthu zachilengedwe nkhalango ndi osiyana m'chilengedwe ena. Mu chilengedwe, imagwera mvula yambiri kuposa kumunda, koma ambiri a iwo siinafike padziko lapansi ndi ukuphwera mwachindunji ku tsamba.

topezeka Deciduous nkhalango ndi mitundu mazana angapo zomera ndi mitundu yambirimbiri ya nyama.

Zomera zimene kukula mu nkhalango, ndi mpikisano kwenikweni ndi kulimbana kwa dzuwa. M'munsi gawo, m'pamenenso mthunzi-ololera mitundu anakhala kumeneko.

ogula aakulu hares, makoswe ndi mbalame ndi herbivores lalikulu. zakudya zonse zopezeka mu masamba a zomera m'chilimwe, mu kugwa kupita mu nthambi ndi mizu.

Palinso ogula chachikulu ndi mbozi ndi kafadala. Mulingo uliwose ukufanizidwa ndi chakudya mitundu. zofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito ya tizilombo zamiyendo Inayi. Iwo mungu ndi kutumikira monga gwero la chakudya cha mlingo wotsatira wa unyolo chakudya.

The topezeka wa madzi posungira

Zinthu zabwino kwambiri za moyo wa zamoyo analengedwa mu zone ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya posungira. Ndi apa kuti madzi ndi umafunda bwino ndipo lili ndi mpweya kwambiri. Ndipo izo ziri apa kuti muli ambiri zomera, tizilombo ndi nyama zing'onozing'ono.

chakudya asapita dongosolo mu madzi ndi zovuta. zomera apamwamba ntchito zamiyendo Inayi nsomba, nkhono ndi tizilombo mphutsi. Otsiriza, nayenso, timapeza chakudya nkhanu, nsomba ndi achule. Zimadya chakudya nsomba zamoyo zing'onozing'ono. Palinso chakudya chawo ndi nyama.

Koma zotsalira za nkhani organic alinkugwa pansi pa dziwe. Kukhala mabakiteriya, zomwe zimawononga losavuta ndi sefa nkhono.