Kodi pa mapu zikusonyeza mtundu bulauni? Makonzedwe mawonekedwe kalembedwe

ndi mapu chiyani? Monga izo molondola "werengani"? ndi zizindikiro za mapu chiyani? Zonsezi m'nkhani yathu.

Map - izi ...

Map - mmodzi wa zoyambitsidwa wamkulu wa anthu. Choyamba chosema pa miyala, miyala ndi makoma phanga. Izi zinali zojambula wosazindikira Mtunda anthu wosazindikira. Mmodzi wa mapu wamkulu inalembedwa kale ku chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri asayansi Zakachikwi BC. Ndipo anali khadi si pa dziko lapansi, koma nyenyezi. Pa sankawabisira Vega, Altair, Deneb, ndi ena nyenyezi zina yowala za mlengalenga.

makhadi amenewa m'dziko analenga Greek ofufuza ndi apaulendo - Strabo, Anaximander, Hecataeus, Ptolemy ndi ena. Modabwitsa mofulumira osauka mapu mu zaka XIV-XVI, otchedwa M'badwo wa Apeza. Panthawi imeneyi, ndi portolan tchati - mapulani m'madzi, kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane madera a nyanja Black ndi Mediterranean, komanso Bank West ndi kugombe la kumpoto kwa Ulaya.

Map pa nthawi ino mwamtheradi sizitha ake ndi zoyenerera. M'zaka za m'ma XXI izo si chifukwa komanso chida chofunika kwa maphunziro ambiri sayansi ndi kafukufuku. Maps ankagwiritsa ntchito nthaka, mapulani a m'tawuni, meteorology, ulimi, ndi mitundu ina ya zochita za anthu. Amayesa ndi madera sukulu (kalasi 6).

Map - yafupika mahandiredi kapena masauzande nthawi chitsanzo padziko lapansi, olengedwa mwa njira yapadera zizindikiro. Pafupifupi ophunzira onse ndi chidwi kwambiri kuganizira maphunziro zidutswa izi zokongola pepala. Ndipo ambiri a iwo, funso zachilengedwe lakuti: kodi ndi pa mapu kusonyeza mtundu bulauni? Ndipo - mitundu ina ndi mithunzi? Kenako tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane za zizindikiro ochiritsira makadi ano. Koma choyamba muyenera kudziwa chimene malingaliro awo kulibe?

zosiyanasiyana mapu

mapu Geographical ali m'magulu malinga lonse lapansi, kuchuluka dera lawo, cholinga ndi wokhutira. Malinga ndi cholinga chake, zingakhale:

• maphunziro;
• Buku;
• sayansi;
• zokopa alendo
• masewera;
• Navigation ndi T. D.

Pamlingo wa makadi onse anawagawa yaing'ono, sing'anga ambiri, koma zili - ambiri chirengedwe ndi thematic. Pa ambiri mapu chirengedwe anasonyeza zambiri zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe zinthu: .. Relief, zomera hydrography, mizinda ndi midzi, misewu, etc. Thematic anasonyeza munthu zinthu (zochitika) zachilengedwe, chuma kapena dera chikhalidwe.

Kodi pa mapu zikusonyeza mtundu bulauni?

Padziko lathuli si yunifolomu. 70% ya malo ake ali wotanganidwa ndi nyanja ndi nyanja ndi pa mtunda, pali zigwa, zitunda zathyathyathya, ndi mapiri lalitali. Kodi izi zonse akuonetsedwa pa mapu malo osiyanasiyana?

Mitundu yonse ya matupi madzi (mitsinje, nyanja, nyanja, malo, ndi zina zotero. E.) potanthauza buluu. Ndipo n'zomveka ndithu. Koma pamwamba m'dziko wavala zosiyanasiyana mithunzi, kuchokera mdima wobiriwira bulauni. Kodi pa mapu zikusonyeza mtundu bulauni?

Kusankha mtundu zimadalira kutalika mtheradi wa malo makamaka mamita (pamwamba pa nyanja). Green kulocha kutanthauza m'zigwa ndi zigwa (mamita ku 200 mu msinkhu), wachikasu - okwera (200 mpaka 500 mamita), ndi zofiirira - phiri madera (pa 500 meters).

Njira ya mapangidwe mpumulo pa mapu

Zoti mpumulo pa mapu zingachitike mu njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu:

• ntchito mitundu;
• ntchito mizere mizere.

Mtundu njira wakhala anafotokoza mu gawo m'mbuyomu. Izo ntchito, monga ulamuliro, pokonza ambiri zachilengedwe (thupi) mapu. Kuwonjezera maluwa, izi makadi zambiri chikhomo m'madera mfundo munthu ndipo amasonyeza okwera awo. Izi zikhoza kukhala apamwamba nsonga mapiri, kapena M'malo mwake, otsika ufa ndi m'dera yeniyeni.

Ndi mtundu tingadziwire osati msinkhu wa padziko lapansi, komanso kuzama kwa nyanja ndi nyanja. Kusonyeza mapu kuya ntchito mithunzi ya buluu mtundu. The zambiri zimalimbikitsa hue - zakuya pansi ndi pa mfundo inayake.

Aliyense mapu thupi kwenikweni limodzi ndi pamwamba lonse ndi yakuya. Pa inu mukhoza kudziwa pafupifupi kutalika alili kapena kuzama kwa nyanja.

Yachiwiri njira zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito yopereka chithandizo chifanizo cha mizere wapadera - contours. Izo ntchito makamaka yokonza mapu topographic ndi mapulani malo.

mapu Topographic ndi zochititsa

Universal matchati zikuluzikulu zomwe amajambulapo mwatsatanetsatane m'dera anacemerwa zimachititsa chilumbachi. Ndi thandizo lawo, mukhoza kumvetsetsa mwachilungamo zambiri za dera linalake.

mapu onse topographic agawidwa m'magulu anayi, zochokera lonse la:

• zikuluzikulu (1: 500 000 ndipo akuluakulu);
• sing'anga-ang'ono (1: 200,000 1: 100,000);
• ang'ono-ang'ono (1:50 000, 1:10 000);
• mapulani malo.

Katundu mwatsatanetsatane ambiri anasonyeza mapulani topographic kuti ndi kwakuti 1: 5000 (kwambiri kawirikawiri). Iwo ali osiyana nyumba, mitengo, miyala, mipingo ndi zina zotero. N. Chinthu china zolingalira m'dera ndi kuti pamene iwo n'komwe kupindika kwa yokonza dziko lapansili akhoza kuwonetsedwa.

Zizindikiro mapu ndi mapulani malo

Mu kukafola mapu topographic ndi mapulani malo, ya zizindikiro zenizeni. Ndi thandizo lawo, kudyetsedwa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe makhalidwe zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zochitika chikhalidwe. ndi zizindikiro za mapu chiyani? 4 a mtundu wa nkhani imene zimachititsa chilumbachi ano. Ali:

1. Scale.
2. Liniya.
3. Scaleless.
4. Ofotokozera zizindikiro.

Ndi zikuluzikulu zizindikiro kuonetsa zinthu ndi zinthu zimene tingasonyezere lonse mapu. Kungakhale nkhalango, munda, mzinda midadada, etc .. etc .. zizindikiro Scaleless ndi mawonekedwe a tating'ono ting'ono kapena zithunzi zojambulajambula. Iwo amakulolani kusonyeza pa mapu zinthu ndi ang'ono kwambiri mu kukula (mwachitsanzo, nkhuni, miyala, mgodi wa malasha kapena obisika). Kugwiritsa liniya kusonyeza otchulidwa anawonjezera zinthu - malire msewu, mizere mphamvu (mphamvu mizere). Ofotokozera makonzedwe mawonekedwe kalembedwe ntchito zina zimaonetsa anthu kapena nkhani zina.

Total ochiritsira zizindikiro za mtunda, pali mazana awiri. chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza ena a iwo basi. Apa Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kuwona momwe zikuwoneka chizindikiro cha mchenga, nkhalango, nyanja, chigwa kapena mlatho.

mpumulo fano mapu

Monga tanena, izo anasonyeza otchedwa mizere mizere pa mapu topographic alili. Izi mizere makonzedwe polumikiza padziko lapansi kutalika chomwecho. Contours umachitika pa intervals wa mamita 10, 20 kapena 50. Koma izo zidalira pa sikelo mapu: zikuluzikulu ndi - mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri mungasonyezere alili m'dera. Kodi mtundu ndi yopingasa, mukhoza kuona m'chifanizo pansipa.

Horizontally, monga ulamuliro, ndi imvi woongoka bulauni. Pa kutulukira kwa mizere amenewa akusonyeza msinkhu wawo mtheradi. Komanso, mapu zambiri yang'anirani ndi mfundo munthu ndi kusainira awo kutalika enieni pamwamba pa nyanja. Awa akhoza kukhala nsonga munthu kapena zinthu zimene ali zoonekeratu chikhomo.

Kuphunzira "werengani" ndi mtunda mapu mosavuta. The kachulukidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa contours waikamo zimadalira mlingo wa padziko compartmentalization lapansi. Bwinobwino mizere ndi mzake pa mapu - ndi steeper otsetsereka alili. Komabe, njira yabwino pofuna kuphunzira kuwerenga mapu mtunda - ndi kutenga izo ndi kukwera kapena ulendo.

Image zomera ndi malo pa mapu

Mitunda, zomera ndi chikuto nthaka komanso ndithu mwatsatanetsatane anasonyeza pa mapu. Choncho oyeza ntchito pafupifupi 50 otchulidwa mwapadera.

Green mawanga ndi malamba, amene Tingaone pafupifupi mapu mtunda - palibe kanthu ngati nkhalango. timberline akuonetsedwa ngati stipple. mbali zina za matabwa makamaka anasonyeza ndi scaleless ndi zizindikiro ofotokozera.

M'madambo pa mapu kuimira yopingasa mikwingwirima buluu. Komanso, ngati awa olimba n'kupanga - pa dambo kuwoloka, ndipo ngati iwo zayimitsidwa - chinachake imakhala yosadutsika. Sands anasonyeza monga bulauni mosintha anakonza mfundo.

Pali zizindikiro zapadera kusonyeza munda, zipatso ndi mabulosi minda, zitsamba, nkhalango m'minda paddy, m'minda tiyi ndi zina zomera.

Pomaliza

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kuti pa mapu kusonyeza mtundu bulauni kuti - wobiriwira, ndipo - mu buluu. Kusankha mtundu zimadalira okwera a. Choncho, maganizo ndi wobiriwira, phiri - chikasu ndipo phiri machitidwe - bulauni. Pa mapu mpumulo wa padziko lapansi chimaonetsedwa m'njira yosiyana - kudzera mwa mizere mizere.