Kumpoto modernist kalembedwe pa zomangamanga wa St. Petersburg

Chiyambi cha mzaka zana makumi awiri mu St. Petersburg chinali Kubwera kwa latsopano kalembedwe kamangidwe, chimodzi mwa zinthu khalidwe umene unali ntchito kamangidwe ka zithunzi kunja kwa mbalame, nyama, zomera, zokongoletsera Anabwereka folklore kumpoto. Iwo adzipangira kuchira kwambiri mu wapakamwa chachikulu ndi wowuma mtima wa St. Petersburg nyumba. Kalembedwe a zomangamanga, omwe akupitiriza chikondi mwambo wa miyambo Chiswidishi ndi Chifinishi amatchedwa "Kumpoto Art Nouveau". maonekedwe ake zathandizira lolimbikitsa kwambiri ubale Russia ndi Sweden ndi Finland. Pa luso m'mayiko amenewa, chamene anali chibwenzi mwachangu amagwiritsa zithunzi za ku epics ndi nthano.

Nkhaniyi kutiuza kuti manda yowala ya kumpoto Art Nouveau ku St. Petersburg zomangamanga.

Zizindikiro za masitayeloŵa

Waukulu zizindikiro kunja kumpoto zomangamanga ano amasankhidwa ndi lalikulu luso kuphatikiza zipangizo zachilengedwe ndi yokumba kuwamaliza. Apa, aliyense ubwino chigawo ku moyandikana ndi ena.

The zitsulo mpanda kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito Chifinishi lubwe. Mu kalembedwe modernist kumpoto amapereka processing wake waukali, pamaso pa zidutswa bwino wosemedwa ndi nyengo ya zosemasema. The ndege makoma pansi chapamwamba aphimbidwa ndi kuwamaliza wosanjikiza njerwa kapena pulasitala textured.

Mwa miyambo ya ulemerero wa nyumba kuoneka ziwembu anauziridwa ndi zithunzi za m'nthano kumpoto - zomera ake ndi zomera. Kumbukirani ntchito kawirikawiri a matailosi mtundu ndi majolica.

Mawonekedwe a nyumba, mu kalembedwe kumpoto ano, chachikulu kwambiri, pa zomangamanga palibe kakang'ono kukongoletsa zinthu.

Posiyanitsa osakaniza mawonekedwe ndi mosiyanasiyana, zosiyanasiyana mipata zenera, kuphatikiza awo ndi zipilalapo ndi kamvekedwe onse a nyumba wapakamwa, anamaliza kumpoto Art Nouveau ku St. Petersburg m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu inasanduka ozizira dongosolo zovuta, chokhala nthawi yomweyo zikuluzikulu nyumba ya Ages Middle ndi kumpoto mitunda miyala .

Kumpoto modernist mamangidwe a St. Petersburg anali palibe lalikulu zedi, koma izo kumayambitsa ena mwa masamba wanzeru kwambiri mu mbiri ya ntchito yomanga dziko la St. Petersburg m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Mbali yaikulu ya malangizo, amene anazindikira ndi anthu a dera lino, anali kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zachilengedwe - mitengo ndi miyala, stylized amajambulapo maluwa okongola a zomangamanga anthu a kumpoto ndi Zapakati, ubale organic ndi nyumba malo kunja chilengedwe.

Kumpoto Art Nouveau ku St. Petersburg: History

Development wa kalembedwe ku St. Petersburg unachitikira mchikakamizo yofunika kwambiri Chifinishi, Swedish ndi Wachiwiri-chikondi zomangamanga.

Wojambula, amaika mumsewu njira kuchokera m'mayiko kumpoto kwa St. Petersburg, anali Sergei Diaghilev, amene anakonza chionetsero cha amisiri Scandinavia mu 1897 ku sukulu ya zaumisiri Chojambula wa Baron Stieglitz. Kenako amajambulapo maluwa okongola Scandinavia anali anatola ndi amisiri anayamba kumanga mu St. Petersburg kunyumba sikunachitekepo pamaso kalembedwe nthawi.

Amadziwika kuti wochititsa malingaliro kalembedwe ku chinthu choyambirira anali Friedrich (Fedor) Lidval, mmodzi wa anthu a ammudzi Swedish likulu kumpoto.

Mu ntchito zake mu St. Petersburg mu nthawi 1901-1907 gg. Iwo anamanga nyumba, umene amapereka njira kufalikira ku Austria ndi German options chimakono.

Akatswiri taonani kukopa chidwi mapangidwe kalembedwe luso la mmisiri wa kanjedza zazikulu mu Swedish Wachiwiri-romanticism monga Boberg ndi Klasson.

Athandiza Kwambiri mapangidwe kumpoto Art Nouveau mu gawo oyambirira anadziwana ndi maonekedwe a zinyumba, zinalengedwa ndi R. Meltzer, pa Stone Island. Kenako chikoka pa kalembedwe mamangidwe a zolinga Chifinishi anakhala mmodzi wa waukulu. Odziwika inamangidwa mu 1907, monga nyumba Putilova pa Grand Avenue. Petrograd Mbali (ntchito ya mmisiri I. Pretro), ndi nyumba ya Insurance Company "Russia" pa msewu. Bol. Nyanja (ntchito za mmisiri G. Gimpel), muli zisonyezo kwa tikalemba mwachindunji ntchito za anzake Chifinishi - L. Sonck ndi E. Saarinen. Komabe, akatswiri amanena, si kuchepetsa payekha ndi mkulu luso khalidwe la ntchito zimenezi.

Mu theka lachiwiri la khumi zoyambirira za makumi awiri kumpoto Art Nouveau ku St. Petersburg wakhala mapulani waukulu N'zoona kuti chidwi cha mapulani wamng'ono. Ndi nthawi iyi, kulumikiza zomwe waukulu N. Vasiliev, wotsatira wakale Romanticism, zomwe zikuoneka ntchito za masomphenya munthu wa kalembedwe. Pamwamba amajambulapo maluwa okongola kum'maŵa chogwidwa mutu kumpoto amene ali kutsogolo kwa nyumba A. Bubyr (p. Stremyannaya), ndi kusodza chomaliza cha mzikiti, ndi nyumba zina zingapo.

Kenako kumpoto modernist anali mwamphamvu, ankavala zambiri chauvinistic. Monga njira ina m'malo otchedwa modernist chuhonskomu anapanga neoclassicism, amene ali pabwino monga moona dziko (ufumu) kalembedwe. Ndipo komabe panali onse nyumba zatsopano ndi atsopano kumpoto kalembedwe modernist. Kukongoletsa akale anagwetsa rationalism.

Small yokongola ndi sculptural yokongola, kupanga fano chikondi wakhala m'malo ndi osakaniza wapakamwa pulasitiki mabuku lalikulu - makonde, Bay mazenera, denga silhouettes. Chochititsa chidwi, malinga ndi akatswiri, nyumba kalembedwe kumpoto modernist, anamanga mu 1910-1915 gg. (Wazomangamanga A. Bubyr).

oimira

Kumpoto Art Nouveau ku St. Petersburg anapereka ntchito za mapulani kutsogolera:

• Vladimir Apyshkova;
• Alekseya Bubyrya;
• Nikolai Vasilyev;
• Alexander Zelenko;
• Fedora Lidvalya;
• George Makaeva;
• Hippolyte Pretro.

Nyumba kalembedwe modernist kumpoto, St. Petersburg: Top 5 nyumba wotchuka

Iwo ayenera kudutsa njira iyi pafupifupi anaika Amateurs zomangamanga wotsogola. Zimadzetsa ku nyumba wotchuka anamanga ku St. Petersburg kumpoto Art Nouveau, ndi bwino mbiri yawo. Nyumba zimenezi tsamba yowala mu zokopa m'ndandanda.

Bubyr nyumba pa msewu. Mkwati, 11

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, ndi St. Petersburg wamanga Alekseem Bubyrem anagulidwa pa msewu. Mkwati dziko ndi nyumba. Pamodzi ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga Nikolai Vasilyev mbuye akuyamba kumanga nyumba nyumba, amene akukonza chokhazikika ndi banja lake, ndipo otsala a nyumba ndi zipinda kubwereka. nyumbayi msanga zinatchuka n'kukhala zokopa latsopano. Odutsa kudabwa ndi kusangalatsa kanjedza wachilendo, molemera kukometsera wapakamwa ake. Zomwe Anthu okhawo sangathe kuona pa makoma ake: khwangwala, nsomba, zomera wosangalatsa, zolengedwa chachilendo ku nthano ndi nthano. A malo apadera mu ulemerero wa nyumba anapatsidwa ndi chifaniziro cha dzuwa, ngati anafuna kuwaunikira mbali yaikulu ya nyumba zinayang'ana kumpoto: kuno simukhala cheza ofunda dzuwa.

Yomanga kwa zaka ziwiri. Mu 1907 anayamba kukhazikika anyantchoche latsopano. Pa otsiriza, pansi chimodzi, wazomangamanga anakakhala ndi banja lake.

Features wa kalembedwe mu dongosolo pa Stremyannaya

Kapangidwe izi zazikulu, ataliatali pa Stremyannaya msewu, ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha kumpoto mapulani modernist Vasiliev, womanga chachikulu cha ntchito kukongoletsa pa wapakamwa chachikulu, kaphatikizidwe mbali ambiri, amene anapuma pantchito zokopa Russian ndi zipilala za Mediterranean.

Akamaliza Bay ozunguza omvera ndipo amatipatsa Kugwirizana ndi domes a matchalitchi a Novgorod, mwala mipiringidzo, anamanga m'mbali mwa khomo ndi malangizo. nyumba ndi amatikumbutsa drawbridges yopita ku nyumba akale ndi zizindikiro dzuwa imodzi amalipira msonkho kwa zomangamanga onse European ndi Russian, Tingaone pa mipanda chitsulo ndi pulasitala.

Tsoka la nyumba

Bubyr anali mwiniwake wa nyumba mpaka 1919, pambuyo zisinthe, iye anali kupita ku Ukraine, kumene posachedwa moyo wake chisoni ikayandikira.

Tsopano nyumba anaimabe chiimire malo ake ndi monga zipilala ena ambiri, waona kwambiri. nyumbayi anapulumuka mu wandiweyani kusintha, nkhondo ndi kumanganso nyumba. Nawo mwayi kumuona mwa anthu awo ndi nzika za lodziwika bwino: zakale nyumba ya katswiri wa zomangamanga unagawidwa nyumba limodzi pano anakhala wotchuka Eduard Khil. Kenako nyumba linatsegulidwa cafe "Elf", omwe ankakonda kusonkhanitsa anapeza chachikulu oimira kutchuka wa Leningrad mobisa: Viktor Tsoi ndi Boris Grebenshchikov. Amadziwika kuti mu bwalo la nyumba anapangidwa kuwombera filimuyi "M'bale".

"Nyumba Tolstoy a" (nyumba ya Chiwerengero yopindulitsa Tolstoy M. P.) pa msewu. Rubinstein, 15-17

Yaikuluyi 6-storey nyumba popanda chifukwa amatchedwa "mzinda mkati mwa mzinda." Makamaka mawonekedwe ake zilipo m'mabwalo atatu chikugwirizana ndi ndime zimene amapanga weniweni zogona m'dera, ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu amakhala m'derali, osiyana kwathunthu ku mzinda wonsewo: mu mayadi izi zozizwitsa zambiri danga, koma iwo amasiyana zina m'mlengalenga chapadera . Wazomangamanga - Fedor Lidval, yomanga kasitomala nyumba yaikulu - (. 1877-1878 gg) Major-General Werengerani Mikhail Tolstoy, membala wa Chirasha Turkey nkhondo.

Lidval anakonda ntchito zake ntchito zinthu anauziridwa ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Mu kamangidwe ka nyumba Tolstoy a mungapeze makonde lonse pa chapamwamba apansi, driveways, Kubadwa Kwatsopano arches. Chokongoletsera choletsa osiyana dala: mbiya chabwino m'manja mwa Cupid ataima niches, kukometsera khomo.

nyumba pathupi ngati malo okhala kwa anthu a magulu onse okhudzidwa: kumeneko anazipereka monga nyumba zapamwamba, zodabwitsa mtengo wake mkulu ndi njira bajeti wodzichepetsa. Plan envisages zikepe, zovala ndi madzi.

nyumba iyi tinganene kuti umboni kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe nthawi zosiyana za otchuka, amene olemba mbiri kuyitana wolemba Aleksandra Kuprina, Mikhail Shemyakin, ballerina Irina Kolpakova, wolemba mtolankhani Arkady Averchenko, chosintha ndakatulo Vasily Knyazev ndi ena ambiri. Ena mayadi nyumba Tolstoy nthawi zosiyana za tsiku akhoza chikuonekera adziphatike kapena kunyumba, Anna Akhmatova, I. Brodsky, Dovlatov S., A. Rosenbaum, Valery Gergiev, Raikin, A. Freundlich, O. Basilashvili, M. Boyarsky ndi L. Luppian. Mayadi ndi kunja kwa Nyumba zambiri kutumikira monga limakhala ndi kujambula ya kanema: kuno kujambula "The Zopatsa Chidwi cha Sherlock Holmes ndi Doctor Watson", "Zima Cherry", "Kubadwa kwa utasintha" ndi "zigawenga Petersburg".

"Sugarloaf" (zazikulu EG Follenveydera) pa Big Avenue, 13

Kamennoostrovsky Njira yotchuka chifukwa cha chuma chake misewu mapulani la kumpoto Art Nouveau. Izi zimaonekera makamaka exteriors la Nyumbayi, amene mwini anali nzika Swiss, telala ndi katundu ya mfumu Court E. Follenveyder, nyumba inamangidwa mu 1905 malinga ndi ntchito wamanga Meltzer. The Nyumbayi ndi chitsanzo cha kumpoto Art Nouveau, koma isiyana ndi zinthu zina za Gothic Chitsitsimutso. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti nyumbayi inali komanso maziko wachita anaonekera mu zomangamanga m'tauni, malangizo a kumpoto Art Nouveau.

Kalembedwe nyumba

chisankho Stylistic ntchito yomanga kunayamba miyambo ya ku Scandinavia ndi Chifinishi romanticism. Iwo amakhala ndi kuphweka ndi monumentality mabuku, nsanja yaitali, chokongoletsedwa ndi chihema arched. Akunena kwa woyera makoma pulasitala zosiyana ndi matailosi wofiira denga ndi imvi lubwe plinth. maonekedwe ake akunja a nyumbayo akufanana Nyumbayi wakale kapena miyambo Scandinavia Art Nouveau nyumbayi, ambiri m'zaka za m'ma XX.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mwamsanga pamene nyumbayi inamangidwa, anthu ake yomweyo akuti "Shuga Mkate" - zambiri chifukwa chowala stucco ndi elongated mzikiti. Amadziwika kuti pambuyo zisinthe, pa Nyumbayi inali chipatala chaching'ono. Masiku ano, Nyumbayi akugwirizira Chidanishi kazembe.

Za nyumba nyumba I. M. Lidvalya pa Kamennoostrovsky kulima., 1/3

Amadziwika kuti chaka cha 1898, malo Kamennoostrovsky Avenue wogulidwa ndi mayi wa wamanga F. Lidval. nyumbayi ndi woyamba palokha ntchito ya katswiri wa zomangamanga. Latsopano njira ya wolemba, osati kale amadziwika zomangamanga wa St. Petersburg, anali makonzedwe lalikulu kutsogolo pabwalo, lonse-lotseguka kwa kunja. chidutswa, atypical kwa nyumba St. Petersburg, kulowa nyumba inaperekedwa wambirimbiri kuwala.

Mwa tsatanetsatane wa chibadidwe modernity, wolemba wagwiritsa ntchito mpumulo cartouche, umene chokongoletsedwa zipata pakati, ndi stamped deti limene amaliza ntchito pa gawo ili la nyumba - "1902". Kungoyambira tsiku zasonyezedwa Pine nthambi ndi cones, amene Tingaone pafupi mbalame nkhalango n'kumamujompha mwendo norovyaschie m'mphepete kalulu ake. Alonda kalulu anamuonapo kuthamangitsidwa m'nkhalango nkhalango ya anzake zazikulu opindika m'makona. Kumanzere kwa tsiku, mukhoza amasirira chifaniziro cha mutu a mphaka ndi pakamwa ukadalipo, pafupi pamalo pa kadzidzi nthambi ndi mapiko kufala.

Kunja zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa abuluzi image, zazikulu nsomba, zipatso m'tchire, toadstools, tulips ndi zina zotero. Chimakopa ndi maso pamaso pa mazenera angapo Bay ndi makonde, mipata zenera, korona zithunzi mafano a nyama ndi zomera. zizindikiro zimenezi stylistic, chifukwa kuti m'nyumba amatchulidwa mabuku pa mbiriyakale ya zomangamanga. Poyamba "Best amadzibisa" mu St. Petersburg (1907), ntchito wamanga wakhala kupereka.

Pakati anyantchoche zazikulu dzina otchedwa banja Lidval, wojambula K. Petrov-Vodkin, wosewera Yuri Yuriev.

"House ndi akadzidzi" (nyumba nyumba Putilovoy T. N.) pa Grand Avenue PS, 44

Maonekedwe a dzina lake mwamwayi wa nyumbayi chofunika ziboliboli za akadzidzi kukometsera wapakamwa ake. nyumba inamangidwa mu nthawi kuchokera 1906 mpaka 1907. Mlembi wake anali katswiri wa zomangamanga Hippolyte Pretro - mmodzi wa akuluakulu a St. Petersburg kumpoto Moderne. nyumbayi inamangidwa chifukwa wamalonda Putilova, amene panthawiyo anali mwini wake wa mmodzi wa manufactory masitolo pa Vasilyevsky Island.

Nyumba chidwi luso chisokonezo mazenera wamitundu yosiyanasiyana: shirokime, yopapatiza, yaifupi yaitali. Kenako, wowerenga amaona pamaso pa sitepe ndi sitepe ya Bay mazenera, kuchuluka chokongoletsera zithunzi wolemera limachokera ku zomera kumpoto, zinyama ndi folklore. Nyumba ndi akadzidzi ndi chikhomo wotchuka mu mzindawo. Popeza zinthu zokongoletsera wa nyumba zikhoza kuganiziridwa ochiritsira monolithic chipika, mkati limene pali bwalo-bwino. Koma pamaso pa choyambirira casings, makonde ndi zithunzi zodabwitsa nyota wapakamwa moona wosaiwalika. Ndi "House ndi akadzidzi" imatengedwa kuti ndi khadi malonda kumpoto modernist kalembedwe. Mu 1912, ntchito ya mmisiri pa mpikisano wa bwino Pretro pamakoma ananena ndi Mendulo siliva. Pa nthawi imeneyo izo zimatanthauza kuzindikira ubwino wolemba.

Pa chitsitsimutso cha miyambo

Anasangalala kwambiri gourmets onse ndi mafani chakudya chokoma ndi wathanzi si kale mu Petrograd District anatsegula odyera "Kumpoto modernist kalembedwe". Dzina la bungwe amatikumbutsa chi chinali ndi kukula kochuruka kwa Russian adzadziwire dziko, komanso ngati maluwa kochuruka kwa luso, chikhalidwe ndi njira ntchito yatsopano.

Dzinali momveka bwino a eni kufunika kutsitsimutsa ndi kulimbikitsa miyambo dziko. The odyera ndi pafupi nyumbayi, yomwe nyumba "PetroCongress". Chabwino maofesi kunja ndi mkati zogwirizana ndi m'maganizo a menyu, lomwe likulamuliridwa ndi mbale wa zakudya chisanadze chosintha.