Kuwotcherera: njira kuwotcherera ndi luso. Gulu la njira kuwotcherera

Kuwotcherera - phwando la mafupa okhazikika ndi Kutentha ndi kusungunuka m'mbali mwa magawo. Ngati kale zinali zitsulo yekha, koma lero njira imeneyi chikugwirizana ndi zinthu zina, monga pulasitiki.

Amene anganene kuti china chotulutsa olowa - ndi chimodzi chimene chakhala akamagwira limatsogolera kapena kuwotcherera mavuto. Kumene, pali zambiri njira kupeza chimene mukufuna. Mwachitsanzo, pali chinthu monga Arc magetsi, kuti ndi ilo, ndi kuwotcherera ikuchitika. njira kuwotcherera zosiyanasiyana, tiyenera kuyesetsa athu amaona.

A pang'ono mbiri. Gawo

Kulipira zitsulo - ndondomeko loyamba kuwotcherera. Kufunika kwa kukonza katundu zitsulo, ndi chilengedwe cha mbali bwino kukhala chofunika kuti pakhale njira kuwotcherera. Choncho, Arc chatsegulidwa mu zaka 1800-1802. Popeza anachita zatsopano zosiyanasiyana. M'kupita kwa anthu anaphunzira kuti mfundo welded ndi Arc magetsi. Pa gawo la Russia ndi likukonza owotcherera oyenerera, umisiri watsopano mowirikiza akupangidwa kuona mosiyana, etc. A chitsanzo chapadera cha kwambiri ongolankhula ndi othandiza m'munsi ndi maphunziro anayambitsa dzina la Bauman.

Panopa pali za 150 njira imene kuwotcherera imagwiridwa. Kuwotcherera njira anasiyanitsidwa ndi malo thupi, luso ndi sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, magulu atatu lalikulu akhoza kusiyana ndi zizindikiro thupi:

• Matenthedwe - mtundu wa kuwotcherera, ikuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu matenthedwe. Zikuphatikizapo gasi, Arc magetsi, laser ndi ena. Kuwotcherera.
• TMP - mtundu wa kuwotcherera, zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito osati kutentha komanso kuthamanga. Izi zikhoza kukhala kukhudzana, mayamwidwe, kulipira, etc. pawiri
• Mawotchi mtundu wa kuwotcherera. Zikatero, mphamvu mawotchi. Ambiri ozizira kuwotcherera, kuphulika, mikangano ndi ena.

Mtundu uliwonse limodzi osiyana ndalama mphamvu, waubwenzi chilengedwe, komanso zipangizo ntchito pa ntchito.

lawi kuwotcherera

Pankhaniyi, waukulu gwero la kutenthako amachita ngati lawi amene kwaiye kuyaka wa mafuta wothira oxygen. Pakali pano, kuposa khumi ndi awiri odziwika mpweya zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Wotchuka kwambiri - ndi acetylene, IAF, propane ndi byuteni. Kutentha chimasungunula pamwamba pamodzi ndi chuma filler.

The woyendetsa zikusintha khalidwe lawi. Kungakhale oxidizing, ndale kapena kuchepetsa, malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya mu kusakaniza. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi IAF ntchito, omwe amapereka zinthu zofunika mkulu kuwotcherera liwiro, komanso zabwino kwambiri za chisindikizo. Koma nthawi yomweyo kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito waya okwera mtengo kwambiri ndi wokhutira mkulu wa manganese ndi pakachitsulo. Pakali pano, ichi ndi leni osakaniza mpweya kuwotcherera, chifukwa chitetezo ndi mkulu kuyaka kutentha mpweya (2430 madigiri Celsius).

Zikudalira zikuchokera zitsulo, amene inakonzedwa kuti welded. Motero, malingana ndi chizindikiro ichi anasankha kuchuluka ndodo filler, ndi titsate kakakulu zitsulo - awiri awo. Ndi kukonzekera bwino asanayambe seamlessly kuwotcherera.

njira yonse kuwotcherera (mpweya) ndi ofanana, kuti ndi yosalala pamwamba kutentha. Ndicho chifukwa iwo anabwera ntchito ndi mapepala azitsulo 0.5-5 mm, zitsulo sanali akakhala, komanso chida zitsulo ndi kuponyedwa chitsulo.

Tiyeni tione ena njira mpweya kuwotcherera. Pali zambiri.

Kumanzere, zolungama kudzera-kuwotcherera

Pamene pepala makulidwe si oposa 5 mm kumanzere zambiri ntchito mawonekedwe mpweya kuwotcherera. Choncho, burner ndi anasamuka kumanja mpaka kumanzere, ndi filler ndodo zili kutsogolo. Lawi imatsogoleredwa kuchokera msoko ndi likamatenthetsa malo bwino kuwaona ndi filler waya. Njira zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi makulidwe zitsulo. Ngati pepala ndi osachepera 8 mm, ndi burner amasuntha okha pamodzi msoko lapansi. Ngati kuposa 8 mm, m'pofunika imodzi kudzapereka mwaulesi oscillatory motsogozedwa yopingasa kwa bwino china chotulutsa khalidwe. ntchito kumanzere kwa njira ndi kuti woyendetsa akhoza kuona chandamale malo, ndipo akhoza kuonetsetsa pachilichonse.

Kusiyana chachikulu pakati pa kuwotcherera lamanja ndi kuti kwambiri ndalama. Chifukwa chake kuti burner malawi si imatsogoleredwa kuchokera msoko, ndipo thereto. njira Ichi chizathandiza zitsulo china chotulutsa wa makulidwe pazipita, mmene m'mbali mwa kutsegula ngodya ndi yaing'ono. The burner chimachititsanso kuchokera kumanzere, ndipo kumbuyo kwawo kuli filler ndodo.

Kumene, ngati tikambirana njira ya mpweya kuwotcherera, onetsetsani ndi anatchula kudzera kuwotcherera wodzigudubuza ofunika. Ikani izo pamene muyenera kupeza ofukula mbuyo olowa. Mfundo yofunika kuti zimachitika kabowo pansi pa mawonekedwe. Pamene kusuntha kumtunda burner ndi apertures chimasungunula, ndi pamene zowonjezera za jekeseni, mbali pansi ndi welded. Pamene pepala makulidwe ndi waukulu kwambiri, ntchito ikuchitika mbali zonse ndi imagwiridwa ndi ntchito ziwiri.

Kusamba njira kuwotcherera zolimba

Ambiri a ife bwino armature, chimene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chikhakha-chimango yomanga. Amanena mu toyalana midadada, milu, etc. Tiyeni tione pa mbali ya kuwotcherera izi. Nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito zitsulo yopingasa. njira tichipeza chakuti zitsulo ndi welded kupanga olowa. Izo ndiye amalenga dziwe achitsulo chifukwa cha kutentha Arc. Pa nthawi imene malekezero a welded zolimba kusungunula ndi kupanga kusamba wamba. Choncho, kugwirizana kwathunthu aumbike pa yozizira.

Koma musanayambe muyenera kukonzekera kusamba ndodo kuwotcherera. Izi zachitika motere: pamwamba, ndi malekezero ndi kuwavula, ndi mtundu uliwonse wa kuwononga dziko kuchotsedwa, mwachitsanzo, dzimbiri, mphero lonse ndi dothi. Pakuti njira imeneyi, zitsulo burashi. Mwa njira, m'pofunika kuti amavula vavu kwa kutalika 30 mamilimita pa china chotulutsa lapansi. Ndodozo amene anaika coaxially. Pankhaniyi kusiyana sayenera upambana m'mimba mwake theka la elekitirodi ndi (kumapeto).

ndondomeko udzachitika pa mafunde mkulu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene elekitirodi 6 mamilimita owotcherera ndi opareshoni pa panopa 450 mikuza mawu. Pankhani otsika kutentha, panopa ndi chinawonjezeka ndi 10-12%. Komanso, ntchito angathe kuchitidwa ndi maelekitirodi angapo. M'pofunikanso powasamalira chakuti njira imeneyi akhoza kuchepetsa zovuta kwa ndondomekoyi, mtengo wa mankhwala, komanso mowa mphamvu. Chibwenzi Vanny njira zolimba kuwotcherera ndi otchuka ndi odalirika. Ichi ndi chifukwa mowa wochepa mphamvu ndi kugwirizana mkulu khalidwe.

Kuwotcherera kuthamanga (pulasitiki)

mtundu umenewu umatchedwanso ozizira kuwotcherera. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti pa kugwirizana palibe Kutentha zina za padziko ankachitira. njira zachokera mapindikidwe pulasitiki zitsulo pansi psinjika kapena kutsetsereka. Ntchito ikuchitika pa kutentha labwinobwino kapena wochepa popanda mayamwidwe. Njira imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa mabuku akale.

zipangizo Special, kuchititsa mapindikidwe wa pamalo kukonzedwa ntchito kupeza mkulu khalidwe china chotulutsa kuti ayenera Pre-kutsukidwa. Zotsatira kugwirizana monolithic ndi cholimba kwambiri. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira kuwotcherera (pulasitiki). Panopa, pali atatu: malo, msoko ndipo mbuyo.

Cold kuwotcherera akhoza anagwirizana zipangizo monga mkuwa, kutsogolera zotayidwa, cadmium, chitsulo ndi ena. Kwambiri yochezera pulasitiki kuwotcherera ndi pamene kuli kofunikira kuchita ntchito zipangizo yosiyana, omwe ali tcheru kwambiri kutentha.

Kumene, tisaiwale kuti polojekitiyo ndi zofunika kwambiri ntchito kuwotcherera kuthamanga ndi kuti si koyenera kulumikiza gwero lamphamvu la mphamvu ya magetsi kwa chisanadze Kutentha pamwamba. Komanso, msoko, Choncho analandira, si cholimba, komanso homogeneous ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri. Komabe, pali zina zovuta. Iwo MUKACHULUKIDWE chakuti mungathe ntchito yekha ndi zitsulo mkulu ductility. Ngakhale ena njira chitoliro kuwotcherera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, pamene ena - palibe, ndipo tili ntchito kusungunuka. Izi imakhudzanso mains madzi ndi mizere mpweya.

Gulu la njira kuwotcherera. kutambasuka

Palokha, ndondomeko atuluka motere. Mbali kuti chilumikizidwe, anaikidwa moyandikana pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Pambuyo kudyetsa gwero amphamvu kutentha, amene chimasungunula zidutswa ntchito.

Osungunula zitsulo (popanda zoonjezera mawotchi) anawonjezera kuti china chotulutsa dziwe wamba. Pamene gwero kutentha kuchotsedwa m'dera china chotulutsa, ndi msoko ndi utakhazikika, ndi zitsulo waikamo ndipamene ubale wolimba kwambiri. The vuto lalikulu ndi gwero la kutenthako ayenera mphamvu yapamwamba ndi kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa ntchito ndi zitsulo, ukaponye chitsulo kapena mkuwa muyenera chipangizo ndi kutentha 3 zikwi madigiri Celsius. Ngati mwadala kuchepetsa zimakwana, ntchito kuwotcherera kugwa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko adzakhala sizithandiza.

Gawo maphatikizidwe kuwotcherera njira, malinga ndi gwero kutentha pali zotsatirazi:

• Arc kuwotcherera. Monga gwero kutentha ndi Arc magetsi yotentha pakati pa elekitirodi ndi chidutswa ntchito.
• Madzi a m'magazi kuwotcherera. Gwero la kutenthako - wothinikizidwa Arc magetsi. Therethrough pa mathamangidwe mkulu (supersonic) uli wotsukidwa ndi mpweya zomwe amapeza katundu wa madzi.
• Electroslag - zitsulo ndi usavutike ndi kamwazi osungunula, imene magetsi utuluke panopa.
• Elekitironi mtengo kuwotcherera - Kutentha ikuchitika ndi mphamvu kinematic wa ma elekitironi lapansi. Iwo amasunthira ku zingalowe mchikakamizo cha munda magetsi.
• Laser kuwotcherera imagwiridwa ndi Kutentha zitsulo kudzera mtengo kuwala kwa jenereta kwadzidzidzi. Mu ichi osiyanasiyana poizoniyu kuwala kapena infuraredi.
• Gasi kuwotcherera - limatsogolera a pamwamba mankhwala chifukwa osakaniza kuyaka gasi oxygen.

Arc kuwotcherera ndi mitundu yake

Pakali pano, zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri ndi Arc kuwotcherera. Ngati inu awerenge chiwerengero cha zipangizo alipo, ntchito ya akatswiri, komanso chiwerengero cha mankhwala, ndiye njira yotero kubala welds mkulu khalidwe akutsogolereni padziko lonse. Tiyeni tikambirane njira zikuluzikulu waku Arc kuwotcherera. Pakali pano, pali zingapo.

Ambiri ndi kuwotcherera basi. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti ena kayendedwe ndi makina woyendetsa. Mwachitsanzo, kusowa elekitirodi ndi kayendedwe ake pamodzi msoko anapangidwa popanda anthu (monga kuyenera mode theka-zodziwikiratu). Njira imeneyi ndi bwino pa china chotulutsa khalidwe ndi zokolola zichuluke penapake, ndi chiopsezo kuvulazidwa yafupika. Kambirimbiri mpweya zoteteza imene likufuna kuteteza makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo nitriding china chotulutsa pamene pobowola.

Palinso kuwotcherera Buku, ndilo kuti limatsogolera m'mphepete kukhudzana ndi chimwemwe Arc (omwe sanali consumable elekitirodi). Pambuyo filler zakuthupi ndi usavutike; wosungunuka, likukhalira kusamba amene kenako amalenga msoko. M'pofunikanso powasamalira Popeza kuti elekitirodi kuwotcherera njira ntchito Arc magetsi wachinsinsi mu mbali zingapo luso. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa mpweya ntchito (yogwira kapena inert), mlingo wa mechanization (Bukuli basi, etc.) ndi makhalidwe ena.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa Buku Arc kuwotcherera

Takambirana kale mu mau mfundo apeze welded olowa mu mode buku. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane pa mfundo iyi. Pakali pano, pali njira ya buku Arc kuwotcherera, omwe ndi wapadera m'njira yakeyake. Mwachitsanzo, maelekitirodi angapo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndondomeko: kusungunuka ndipo sanali consumable. Ngati mtundu wachiwiri amusankha, kugwirizana china chotulutsa wapangidwa motere: Kudera ntchito kwa mzake, ndi graphite kapena mpweya elekitirodi kumabweretsa pamwamba ankachitira ndi kulenga Arc. Chifukwa ndi kusamba amene solidifies patapita kanthawi ndipo ndipamene china chotulutsa. Njira imeneyi ndi zogwirizana kwambiri ntchito ndi zitsulo sanali akakhala ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuwotcherera.

Njira ina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito elekitirodi consumable ndi daubing wapadera. Njira angatchedwe tingachipeze powerenga, mwa mawu a kuwotcherera Buku, monga ambiri ndi ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Kusiyana kokha ku njira tafotokozazi kwagona kuti elekitirodi isungunuke pamodzi ndi pamwamba. Chifukwa ndi kusamba wamba, amene ikamauma pambuyo kuchotsa Arc kupanga apamwamba china chotulutsa. Kusankha njira kuwotcherera zimadalira zinthu makamaka, chuma, zikuchokera, ndi zambiri.

Mfundo zofunika

Tafotokoza njira zoyambirira za kuwotcherera. Iwo conventionally m'magulu atatu: ozizira ndi otentha mafuta. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti nthawi zina mwapadera wa kulandirira ntchito olowa. Tikuzifuna pankhani zitsulo zotakasika ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo. Mwa njira, zinthuzi ayamba ntchito yomanga yomanga mbali yapadera. Zikatero, amagwira ntchitoyo pa zili otsika mpweya ndi asafe mu mlengalenga, ndi gwero ayenera kukhala mkulu kutentha. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi madzi ndi mtanda kuwotcherera. Ngati chachiwiri, gwero la mtengo wa ofanana CRT ndipo ali ndi voteji pafupifupi 30-100 kV.

Zambiri zovuta ndiponso wosangalatsa kwambiri mwa mawu kupeza khalidwe kugwirizana plasma kuwotcherera. Ndi chofunikira ake, tili ndi pang'ono anamvetsa. Mu ndondomekoyi pali zinthu kiyi, monga madutsidwe wa magetsi plasma panopa. The mpweya kupanga plasma, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yaikulu komanso amateteza msoko kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo nitriding. Timadziwa kuti akhoza kunena kuti ndi ofunika powasamalira njira, koma pali zofooka. Mwachitsanzo, magetsi ayenera voteji oposa 120V, ndi unsembe ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri zovuta.

Pomaliza

Apa ife kuthana ndi chakuti kuwotcherera amenewa. njira kuwotcherera ndi osiyana. Nthawi zambiri, ntchito si kupeza mkulu khalidwe kwa woyendetsa, komanso msoko amphamvu kuti tipirire nkhawa mawotchi kwa nthawi yaitali. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana kuwotcherera elekitirodi Mwachitsanzo, consumable kapena ayi. Komanso njira zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi ambuye luso. Wina yabwino kugwira ntchito ya kuwotcherera kumanzere, munthu - bwino.

Ngakhale zinthu njira kuwotcherera mavavu ziyenera kuperekedwa molingana ndi malangizo. Gwirizanani, sangakhale zabwino kwambiri, ngati kugawa adzakhuta mpaka kokha chifukwa owotcherera ananamizira ndipo anaganiza kupulumutsa pang'ono.

Pakali pano, zonse za mitundu wamba kukonzekera zovuta ndi mtengo pawiri lapansi. Ichi ndi chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, patsogolo luso kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti Sizotheka kuti ntchito safanana kuwotcherera chifukwa fragility dongosolo la. Kachiwiri, yesani kupeza mkulu khalidwe china chotulutsa kuti ambike pa katundu nthawi yaitali zazikulu ndi vibratory. N'zosavuta kuti apindule, makamaka tikaganizira kuti mantha ndi kugwedera - adani chofunika kwambiri china chotulutsa olowa. Koma kuwotcherera amakono (njira kuwotcherera) zonse zilibwino, kukhazikitsa njira zina zatsopano ndi nzeru kulimbikitsa ndi kukhala wamphamvu ndi apamwamba mafupa.