Madzi aukhondo ndi madzi pambuyo kukonza. Kuyerekezera madzi akumwa isanayambe kapena itatha kuyeretsedwa

Baibulo limati: Ife - zimene timadya ndi kumwa. Ndi moyo. Pali sangatsutsike, chifukwa thupi lathu ndi pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu pa zana - ndi madzi. Popanda madzi munthu kupulumuka osaposa sabata, ndi m'chipululu kufa kwa madzi m'thupi maola awiri. Khalidwe la kumwa zachilengedwe amakhudza chikhalidwe cha thupi. Ndipo momwe ife moyo zimadalira zinthu zambiri, koma Choyamba ngati madzi timamwa ndi pamene ife chakudya chawo.

Nkhani ya khalidwe la moyo

Kufananitsa ya kumwa madzi pamaso ndipo pambuyo chithandizo mu kachitidwe madzi mu zizindikiro zambiri ndi zolimbikitsa, ndipo nthawizina mantha. Ndipo izi zimadalira amadalira khalidwe la madzi ake mu dera ndi malo akunja. . Zimenezo chofunika kusanthula zachilengedwe m'madera: mmene pafupi ndi gwero la m'mizinda ikuluikulu mafakitale. Pakuti magwero pansi kuyankha funso lokhudza khalidwe la madzi amapereka kusanthula ndi mankhwala a madzi m'chitsime. Kodi madzi abwino, kuti pali njira kuyeretsa ndi yothandiza kwambiri pa malo makamaka, kuwauza kusanthula amuzolengedwa wa bwino chithandizo.

The nkhani za mabungwe ambiri padziko lonse kuthana ndi khalidwe madzi, ndi kanjedza zoopsa. m'mayiko oposa makumi asanu ndi atatu padziko lonse mavuto okhudzana wosaperewera ake. Ndipo theka m'mayiko amenewa zambiri pa zobvuta zamavuto madzi. Pali nkhani za chiwerengero, osanenapo khalidwe la madzi. Madzi - ndi zosungunulira konsekonse. Choncho, chakale luso madzi kukonzekera ndi wotsatira yoyeretsa mafakitale zinyalala zomera madzi mankhwala mulibe kuthetseratu vuto la kukhala ndi madzi zoipa ndi zoopsa tochepa mchere (chitsulo, manganese, mkuwa, Mercury, zotayidwa, etc.) Ndipo zinthu organic (amoniya, ku feteleza, nitrites, phosphates ndi ena. ). Virological, bacteriological mayesero m'mayiko osiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti izi magawo malamulo ambalemekezedwa kumbuto zinango. Amafuna kuyeretsa zina kunyumba, mwachitsanzo. A. Pali matenda amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi, mabakiteriya, mogwirizana ndi tizilombo tina. Njira yotsika mtengo wa disinfection, chlorination, ngati unachitikira malamulo a kumabweretsa kuti anapanga atakwatirana ndi thanzi carcinogenic kuchuluka kwa mankhwala chlorine mu madzi. Kuwonjezera apa mavuto a zachilengedwe ndi mavuto a kuwonongeka kwa kachitidwe madzi a mizinda yakale mafakitale ndi zimaonekeratu mwamsanga vuto. Madzi aukhondo ndi madzi si nthawi zonse woyera pambuyo zosiyana quality.

Industrial kuyeretsedwa lonse

Natural madzi kuchokera kumtsinje (mzinda zonse anamangidwira pafupi matupi zachilengedwe a madzi) akulowa madzi polowera. Nkofunika kuti malo ake, mpanda ikuchitika kumtunda nyumba yonse zogona ndi mabizinezi mu mzinda, mu otchedwa zone ukhondo. Pambuyo madzi wambiri akulowa sedimentation akasinja, mmene kuyambirira kuyeretsedwa sitepe akuyamba. Malinga ndi khalidwe la madzi kuyeretsedwa madzi ndi pambuyo kuyeretsedwa, ntchito sump kapena ayi reagents yoyenera. Pakuti kukulitsa (coagulation) particles zizikhala madzi anadzetsa chitsulo kapena zotayidwa mchere. Kuyambira glued pamodzi kuchotsa zosafunika zoipa zosefera siteshoni ntchito mauna fyuluta kusamba, zopangidwa kuchokera ku madzi ndale kapena zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo. Kenako bwino kusefera kwa madzi akumwa ikuchitika ntchito Zosefera katiriji amene msampha particles 5 microns. The madzi pambuyo kuyeretsa fyuluta phunziro kulamulira stiffness, chitsulo okhutira ayeretsedwe zina.

Special siteji kuyeretsa - disinfection

Kumwa madzi mpopi mu mzinda waukulu mafakitale, ngakhale zogwira mtima, koma ambiri a iwo kulawa. Koma kulephera kutsatira mfundo za ukhondo - nkhaniyo kwa m'makhoti. Pa mabizinezi lalikulu boma ndi boma la mwadzidzidzi, koma ayenera yomweyo dziwitsani ogula. Komanso, madzi pambuyo kukonza m'mafakitale opangidwa umalandira ogula akadali kumadalira luso la mipope mu dongosolo la mzinda, manyumba athu ndi nyumba. Choncho, malo apadera vuto la kuyeretsedwa kumafuna komaliza siteji decontamination. Ambiri ndi yotsika mtengo njira disinfection ndi chlorination. Koma chifukwa kuwonjezeka mlingo pa zinthu chlorine munali, njira imeneyi si kuwongolera madzi pa kubwereketsa lapansi. Kufananitsa wa madzi akumwa isanayambe kapena itatha kuyeretsedwa chlorination nthawizina zimautsa funso ichi bwanji mu madzi akumwa kupopera mankhwala.

ozonation disinfection

Pambuyo disinfection ndi chlorine mu madzi chionetsero organochlorine mankhwala omwe Musataye kawopsedwe awo ngakhale pambuyo pogamula wa madzi panyumba. Pali mavuto a kusowa kwa mankhwala chlorine. Mavuto awa mosatsata njira disinfection pa zomera mankhwala ntchito machitidwe Mpweya umene chithandizo. Nthawi zambiri, ozonation ntchito pa siteji ya pokonzekera kuyeretsa. Njira imeneyi imagwira mtima kwambiri komanso otetezeka. Mpweya umene zedi okwanira akhoza kupangidwa mwachindunji pa malo amanena. Ozonation angagwiritsidwe ntchito osakaniza ndi oxidants zina, chlorine, komanso ndi ultrasound mankhwala ndi ultraviolet walitsa. A ubwino akanika kumenyana amapereka Mpweya umene ndende ya 0.4 ml ya pa lita imodzi ya mphindi zinayi zokha. The ozonization wa madzi akumwa mankhwala Iwo ali extraneous kukoma zosafunika ndi zofukiza yachilendo. kumwa madzi momveka bwino popanda kusemphana katundu zachilengedwe. Owonjezera Mpweya umene ali n'kukhala mpweya, popanda impairing palatability madzi. chifukwa kuti Mpweya umene decontamination njira umagwiritsidwa zosakwana chlorination zikuoneka kuti katundu molakwika amadzimadzi Mpweya umene njira kenako tinkaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane monga ayeretsedwa ndi madzi ndi kuyeretsedwa madzi pambuyo amakhudza thupi.

Njira njira disinfection

Njira yomwe wa disinfection kusankha anatsimikiza chifukwa amaganizira mtengo, zochitachita, ndithudi, ndalama kofunika madzi abwino. Mwina njira woyamba ali ndi chikoka cha mamolekyulu madzi ndi ayoni a mfulu zitsulo (siliva). Iwo ankadziwa kuti njira imeneyi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse mafakitale. Ngakhale kwambiri osowa, chifukwa cha osatetezeka njira ndi njira yolera yotseketsa ndi cheza kukhudzana. Koma kumwa madzi mankhwala unsembe cheza ultraviolet ayamba ntchito mu zoweta zomera chithandizo madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Owonjezera chitsulo madzi

Zingapo za m'madera mu m'zigawo za madzi akumwa ku magwero mobisa kapena pamwamba pa madzi pambuyo kukonza fyuluta nthawi zina imakhalabe yoonekera poyera, koma ndiye akutembenukira chikasu. Ichi ndi chizindikiro choyamba cha owonjezera chitsulo icho. Komanso, madzi amenewa ali enieni glandular kununkhira. Kunyalanyaza vutoli ndi ngozi anthu thanzi ndi khalidwe la moyo, T. Kwa. Madzi Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo banja kuti ntchito madzi ofanana.

njira Universal a kuyeretsedwa ku zitsulo. Madzi yotengedwa magwero lapadziko ntchito reagent njira ntchito chlorine kapena ozoni, osachepera - permanganate potaziyamu kapena hydroxide ndi sodium. A madzi yotengedwa magwero mobisa, njira yabwino ntchito reagents ndi reagentless aeration amenewa. Aeration - ndi tima jekeseni ya ndege oxygenation. Kunyumba, njira ntchito ndi owonjezera madzi kupyola mu Zosefera chitsulo ndi zipangizo wapadera kuchotsa oxidized ndi kusungunuka chitsulo. Bad kukoma kwa madzi pambuyo ayeretsedwa ndi madzi fyuluta Mwamsanga pafupifupi mwathunthu.

madzi molimba

Kupumula penapake, inu akumva: madzi kodi zofewa - sopo si kutsuka. Koma pali mbale ya vuto kuchuluka chinthu chimodzimodzi. Wokwanira kukumbukira opanga oipitsidwa mukhale chopondapo ndi tiyi zoipa kapena khofi pa madzi, ndipo zikuonekeratu kuti ziwole khalidwe la moyo. An owonjezera salt madzi sungunuka yopanga madzi zovuta. Izi chinthu chimodzimodzi zosakhalitsa likuchotsedwa ndi otentha. Koma asidi salt, sulfates ndi chlorides kupanga chinthu chimodzimodzi zomwe sasintha pa kuwira. Ndi zonse. Zikatero, ndi reagent ntchito kapena kuyeretsedwa njira ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri - yozizira koopsa, distillation, electrodialysis. Mu malo zoweta kukonza Zosefera ntchito mwakhama pansi inamangidwa osmosis iwowo. Madzi aukhondo ndi madzi pambuyo kukonza n'zosiyana osmosis pomaliza zotsatirapo chidwi.

n'zosiyana osmosis

N'zosiyana osmosis - kwambiri, mpaka nainte asanu a ntchito. Kupatukana zinthu zonse zopezeka mu madzi wochititsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana semipermeable. Kakhungu yopangidwa ndi zisulo patsogolo porous. Pali polyamide, mapadi nthochi ndi ena. The pores nembanemba ali ndi kukula kwa zikwizikwi chimodzi chokha cha micron kudzera amene pochitika yekha mamolekyulu madzi. zosafunika onse, monga mabakiteriya, ali anakaika pa Kakhungu lapansi. Ngati pali funso za mmene madzi aukhondo, ndi quality, odalirika, wochezeka njira kumapangitsanso katundu chilengedwe cha madzi pambuyo kukonza.

Mpweya Zosefera. Patsogolo wa madzi ndi mchere

Zosefera zikugwira ntchito pa ntchito ya katundu sorbing adamulowetsa mpweya ntchito mu magawo lotsiriza la pambuyo mankhwala pamene m'pofunika kuthetsa zonyozeka kupatuka mtundu, fungo kapena kukoma. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi mchere zachilengedwe ntchito: Mountain khwatsi, pakachitsulo, shungite. Olemera ndi mchere kuti kukoma madzi ngati kasupe.

Umisiri watsopano madzi mankhwala

Kafukufuku wa posachedwapa ku ntchito nanotechnology pamene kumwa madzi kuyeretsedwa zokolola zotsatira chidwi. Studies ya katundu wa microparticles silika TACHIMATA nanometric wosanjikiza hydrocarbon zinthu, anasonyeza luso lawo kukopa (electrostatic kukopa) yokha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tinthu kwachilengedwenso. Monga nanoparticles anaika mu madzi kusukulutsa, ndiyeno kuchotsa chifukwa nanopowder kusefera.

M'mayiko ambiri tsopano ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zipangizo nanofiltration. Choyenera kuoneka kuyeretsedwa othandizira ndi njira electrochemical. Zonse bwino njira mankhwala otsukira pa mlingo atomiki.