Mankhwala kupanga: zizindikiro zinthu, ndalama

Popanda kukokomeza, tikhoza kunena kuti kupereka nzika ndi mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za chitetezo cha dziko. Ndipo makampani mankhwala - ndi zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe kwambiri gawo la chuma.

thandizo la boma

Chibwenzi, kufunika chikhalidwe cha zinthu monga asatayike, kupanga omwe udzakhazikitsidwe m'dera la dziko lathu, zafika pamlingo wotere kotero kuti boma lili kulabadira kwambiri ntchito zokhudza chitukuko cha mafakitale. Tikumbukenso kuti zisakuyenda anatengera mndandanda wa zikalata ndondomeko zimathandiza kuti gulu ndi chitukuko cha ulimi, kuphatikizapo zinthu mankhwala, koma zimenezi m'dera ichi sauzira chidaliro, ndipo apa pali chifukwa.

zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa malonda

makampani mankhwala ali makhalidwe yake. Iwo amakhala ndi:

• moni-chatekinoloje malonda;
• nthawi ndithu ndondomeko zikuluzikulu atsopano chitukuko mankhwala, komanso kukonzekera lolingana;
• moyo wautali mankhwala adzizungulira, kuphatikizapo magawo onse - chitukuko, kupanga ndi kugulitsa katundu;
• chikhalidwe ndi Kutalika kwa mkombero kupanga chofunika kwa kupanga mankhwala yomalizidwa;
• zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera monga kupanga zinthu mankhwala;
• zosiyanasiyana zipangizo ndi zipangizo komanso zipangizo ntchito mu mkombero kupanga;
• multistage njira.

Msungidwe

Ku maganizo a ndalama osiyanasiyana, kupanga mankhwala mankhwala angapo mbali chosiyana. Ndi mfundo zazikulu zoipa zofunika pamene kuona ndi izi:

1. The apamwamba a ndalama chikoka cha ulimi wa mankhwala Kwatha, mankhwala ie, poyerekeza ndi kupanga zinthu mankhwala. Khalidwe limeneli linakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha tikukumana zachuma. Malongosoledwe a mfundo imeneyi mkulu chuma ndi mphamvu mphamvu ya ulimi wa polufabriktaov yovomerezeka, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuchepa mu profitability a m'ndende, ndipo nthawizina kuti imfa ya ulimi amenewa.
2. Kukwera mtengo chuma zaposachedwapa, ndi chimene chachititsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu mtengo wa zinthu opangidwa mu dziko lathu. Chotsatira - kuonjezera mitengo yawo ndi mlingo pamwamba pa dziko. mumaganiza izi zinachititsa chakuti kupanga mankhwala walephera kupereka mankhwala mpikisano.
3. Kupereka mosavuta opanga zakunja msika mankhwala a dziko lathu. Izi walenga mpikisano lingamutsatire aliyense wopanga zoweta, osati luso kupirira kwambiri za kuwonjezeka yogwira chotchipa zinthu otsika kwambiri pa msika zoweta.

Zochita waukulu msika mankhwala

Amanenera, buku la msika mankhwala, malinga ndi zotsatira za zaka zapitazi, dziko lathu ukufika thililiyoni 1 rubles. Motero mankhwala zoweta mu malonda okwana mtundu uwu ali yekha pafupifupi 25%, mu mawu ndalama ndi 60% - mu mtundu.

mutu otentha

Pakali pano, mmodzi wa m'magazini kukanikiza nkhawa okhudzidwa mu chitukuko mabungwe zoweta mankhwala kupanga ndicho chiyambi cha yovomerezeka mankhwala theka-kusasanyiwa, zimene ziri kupanga mankhwala yomalizidwa mankhwala m'dera la mkhalidwe wathu. Mwatsoka, akatswiri amanena si zolimbikitsa alimi zoweta. Mankhwala yopanga zigawo mankhwala mu dziko lathu pafupifupi sunayambe.

imports zinthu mankhwala

Kumbali inatha, zinthu ngati kuti pafupifupi 80% ya buku la zinthu ankaitanitsa mankhwala mawu ndalama ntchito ndi Germany, France, Italy ndi China zisakuyenda bwino.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, poganizira mtundu wa mabuku inatha analandira kanjedza chosiyana. Choncho, gawo ake apamwamba chibwenzi ndi China - ndi oposa 70% ya chonse pamodzi. Poganizira chiŵerengero cha tuzigawo twa yeniyeni, masamu ndi ntchito zachilengedwe ndi mtengo, Ndizachidziwikire kuti mankhwala opangidwa mu dziko anati, yodziwika ndi mtengo kwambiri m'munsi, poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ofanana ochokera m'mayiko ena.

amene kunja

Zoitanitsa zigawo makamaka monga mankhwala odziwika kwa nthawi yaitali umaimiridwa ndi asidi acetylsalicylic, paracetamol, metamizole sodium, metformin, ascorbic asidi ndi ena, ali kufunika ndi anthu zimagwiritsa chifukwa otsika mtengo njira.

Katswiri Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti gawo opangidwa ndi mabizinezi zoweta yodziwika ndi chithunzi negligible wa 8-9% ya msika okwana mankhwala.

anapezazo

Mwina mfundo zimene takambiranazi zikusonyeza umboni wa kufunika kubwezeretsa buku la kupanga mankhwala. Sayansi ya ulimi wa zinthu mankhwala ayenera yotsatira ndi ntchito zonse. Kukula kwa gawo lino ndi zofunika mu malo oyamba pofuna chitetezo cha dziko.

Mawu amenewa kuchita osati kanthu. opanga ambiri akukumana ndi mfundo kupereka zoweta chuma zinthu kwa ogulitsa achilendo ndi mfundo yotsalira. Ndipo uwu sungakhoze koma chifukwa nkhawa.