M'mayiko osiyanasiyana: lingaliro ndi mitundu

The padziko lonse malamulo malamulo palibe lingaliro limodzi la milandu padziko lonse. Komabe, pali zizindikiro zazikulu za mu iwo. magwero osiyanasiyana kunena mwatchutchutchu ngati, monga "upandu mayiko ndi anthu komanso dziko." Asayansi ambiri ndi bungwe la United Nations amaona mawu awa n'chimodzimodzi. kuti atchule tanthauzo wamba, anaganiza pankhaniyi. Commission UN anapeza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa malire wonse wa zosiyana, liwulo milandu padziko lonse, lingaliro ndi mitundu ya zochita envisaged mu hayala wa Nuremberg Khoti (Art. 6), ayenera kuti azitsatiridwa kuchita.

The tanthauzo ambiri a

Panopa dziko ndi mabuku zoweta amapereka matanthauzo ambiri. Atalipenda iwo, akatswiri ndayesera zopanga tanthauzo ambiri. Mayiko chokhumudwitsa chigawenga chimapanga kuphwanya malamulo lonse. Kumafuna chilango cha anthu a munthu amene anachita izo. Mbali yaikulu ya kuchita zimenezi mokomera ulamuliro wake wamkulu wa khoti la dziko lililonse kuti ndi wofunitsitsa ndipo amatha kuyamba kupanga lolingana. Mbali imeneyi chimasiyanitsa milandu mayiko zochita wamba za chizunzo chimene chimabwera ku chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa boma.

gulu Related

chikhalidwe mayiko wa upandu ankapereka kuphwanya mgwirizano mtendere muzochitika zosiyanasiyana ubale: katundu, yamakolo, chuma ndi zina zotero. machitidwe oterewa chimawononga mabungwe alamulo ndi nzika za mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chilango chifukwa cha milandu padziko lonse akulephera lidzakhazikika pa mapangano zogwirizana lonse. Komabe, mapangano ayenera linalowa nawo m'Pangano ndi mayiko a signatory lapansi. Kubweretsa perpetrators chilungamo mu nkhani iyi ikuchitika mu mkhalidwe ulamuliro yeniyeni. machitidwe awa, monga ulamuliro, monga kuberana kwazaluso, hijacking, counterfeiting kusindikiza ndi kufalitsa mankhwala ndi zina zotero.

Kodi zizindikiro ndi milandu padziko lonse?

mapangidwe awo zachokera mbali zina. Choyamba ndi kuchuluka lonse la anthu. upandu International, mlandu mtendere chimakwirira chophwanya malamulo onse ochiritsira ambiri ndi mapangano Interstate. Malangizo amene Sali kugwilizana ndi munthu wolakwa ayenera kupita kwa chitetezo cha mfundo zenizeni. Amaonedwa ndi mayiko monga yofunika kwambiri, komanso kumanga anthu onse ndi maiko onse. mfundo pachimake ndi kuliika:

• The hayala UN.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• European Convention.
• Mapangano International.
• Geneva Convention ndi zina zotero.

nkhondo yolimbana ndi umbanda mayiko ndi udindo wa dera lonse lonse.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ya

malamulo ndi mitundu zotsatirazi milandu padziko lonse:

1. Kupululutsa.
2. Kuukira asilikali.
3. Analakwira anthu.
4. Olusa.

kupululutsa

tanthauzo chino chikulongosola upandu padziko lonse malamulo anachita cholinga cha kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu, chipembedzo kapena dziko gulu. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga:

1. Kupha anthu a mmudzimo.
2. Kuteteza kubadwa.
3. zimakhudza maganizo.
4. Kuchepetsa zinthu wabwinobwino.
5. Kuchititsa kuwononga thupi.

Izi milandu padziko lonse enshrined mu Msonkhano Kuteteza fuko ndi Chilango cha 1948, Rome Malamulo a ICC kuchokera 1998

Siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo pa nzika '

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi milandu padziko lonse:

• Ukapolo.
• Kupha.
• Link.
• Chizunzo pa zifukwa za chipembedzo, mtundu, ndale kapena zina ndi zina zotero.

Zimenezi zikugwirizananso mu Rome Malamulo a bungwe la International Khoti.

kuukira asilikali

Zikuphatikizapo milandu yotereyi mayiko:

• Ukapolo ndi anthu okhala ku dera limene mukukhala.
• Kuzunza anthu wamba.
• The kupha nzika.
• zachiwawa ndi akaidi a nkhondo.
• Kupha wa Anagwiranso.
• Chiwonongeko ndi kuba katundu aumwini kapena apagulu, sayesedwa wolungama mwa ayendetsa asilikali.
• Kuwonongedwa kwa m'midzi, kapena m'mizinda, ndi zina zotero.

Ziwawa zoterezi kuweruza ndi enshrined mu hayala, ndi Rome Malamulo, Protocol zoonjezerapo ku Geneva Misonkhano.

malamulo zoweta

Udindo milandu padziko lonse olembedwa lomweli. 34 wa Code Wachifwamba. Ndi chilango pansi nkhani zotsatirazi:

• 354 - chifukwa kuitana anthu kuti mliri wa nkhondo.
• 356 - ntchito njira zoletsedwa ndi njira za nkhondo.
• 357 - chifukwa kupululutsa lapansi.
• 360 - pa kuukira mabungwe ndi anthu kukuteteza lonse.

Izo ziyenera anati Article kuti. 356 wa Code Wachifwamba makamaka bulangeti, chifukwa lili ndi umboni wa pangano intergovernmental ndi la Russia.

Kubvomereza zochita: zikugwirira

Ofufuza apeza angapo kwambiri zotsatira malamulo a gulu la infringements monga milandu padziko lonse:

1. Machitidwe a gulu adzalangidwa, kaya malinga ngati pali chilango chilichonse kwa chilamulo zoweta.
2. nkhanza mayiko azikalangidwa ndi makhoti, amene m'njira zina (yachibadwa) alibe ulamuliro yoyenera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu amene anali akuti udindo chifukwa chochita nazo anayesa ndi kulangidwa ndi dziko lililonse, kaya kugwirizana Kupititsa ndi kukhumudwa ndi mtundu wa wovulalayo kapena tizilomboto. Izo kanthu, ndipo palibe kuopseza mwachindunji kwa chitetezo kapena zokonda dziko la boma. Choncho milandu ikuchitika Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti palibe maziko ochiritsira kwa ulamuliro.
3. Mayiko kumenya kuchepetsa malamulo ambiri a chitetezo chokwanira kwa atsogoleri a boma ndipo akuluakulu ena a pamwamba kwa milandu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu amene akuchita zinthu zimenezi, anali ngati boma, nthumwi ya mphamvu. Pa nkhani imeneyi ya asanazolowere ulamuliro chigawenga kapena wachibadwidwe wa makhoti woyenera wa kumayiko ena ndipo si anaphimba. Zosiyana ndi alipo boma chapter, nthumwi za mgwirizano wa mayiko, ndi Atumiki zakunja, adzakhala inviolable kwa mphindi kusiya malo ake.
4. khoti mwina pofuna ulamuliro zosatha zokhudza mayiko anachita pamaso pochimanga. lamulo ili malire milandu komwe infringements akhala ochita mu mfundo lonse pa nthawi.
5. Mayiko upandu, mu Mulimonsemo, monga fuko, upandu nkhondo, kuzunza anthu, amachita ndi umunthu, lamulo zofooka sangathe ntchito.
6. Amnesty Machitidwe anatengedwa ndi akuluakulu a maiko amene nzika ndi zisudzo ananena kuti anachita chinthu, kapena m'gawo limene infringements ankawaona, musati kumanga mabwalo a limati ena ndi ena maboma woyenera.

Kuyan'anila za nkhani kukuteteza

Mndandanda wa anthu, amachita mu ulemu umene akuzindikiridwa monga milandu padziko lonse, enshrined mu msonkhano zogwirizana. Malinga ndi chikalata, ku mabungwe kukuteteza monga:

1. Mutu wa State kapena aliyense wa thupi collegial kuchita ntchito yake.
2. Official kapena zina wothandizila a m'mayiko intergovernmental bungwe, mabanja awo ali ndi iwo.
3. Minister yachilendo.
4. oimira boma kapena ena akuluakulu ali ndi ufulu ankatetezedwa.
5. mtsogoleri wa boma.
6. anthu motsatana, ndi mabungwe pamwamba, mabanja awo.

premeditation

Iwo amayikidwa mu ulemu wa machimo anaperekedwa ngati:

1. Kuda, amapha kapena siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu ndi chizindikiro cha nkhani imene ankatetezedwa.
2. Kuukira ntchito chiwawa amoyo, mkulu malo, zikutanthauza zoyendera wa munthu wotereyu.
3. Kuyesa kuukira.
4. Mogwirizana kumuukira.
5. Mawu kuwaopseza ndi munthu pansi ankatetezedwa.

Mosiyana ndi dongosolo zoweta chigawenga chilungamo, mu malamulo adziko lonse lapansi limapereka osiyanasiyana waukulu zochita. Zilibe kanthu cholinga pa amene wachita ndi siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo. kamba Main kwa chitetezo chapadera kwa anthu unakhazikitsidwa Convention. Mmodzi wa iwo anavomerezedwa mu 1994. Ndi nthawi chitetezo cha anthu ogwira UN ndi anthu ofanana. Otsiriza, makamaka, monga gulu ntchito okhazikitsa mtendere, antchito a mabungwe omwe si a boma kupereka thandizo anthu. Cholimbana mabungwe amenewa anazindikira kuti zolakwa pansi malamulo a dziko chigawenga.

zigaŵenga kutenga

upandu amakhala ngati kuchita oopsa zigawenga. Poyamba, akapolo kutenga anali wachinsinsi ngati waphwanya mfundo zambiri m'dzikoli Koma ngati anali wolumikizana ndi nkhondo. Zochita za upandu unakhazikitsidwa mu Msonkhano Wachigawo wa 1979, kumene mu 1987 limodzi ndi Soviet Union. Chikalatachi, makamaka, ananena kuti nkhani limene likuthandiza ndi detains, kuopseza kupha, zoipa, kapena kupitiriza izo, kuti States, mabungwe intergovernmental, kapena nzika iliyonse / malamulo chilli kuchita zinthu ngati akufuna mokakamizidwa kwa likuchita Iwo achita hijacking. Monga mlandu amadziwikanso ankaona kuyesa ndiponso kutenga nawo mbali mu khalidwe limeneli. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula za chikhalidwe mayiko wa upandu. M'nkhaniyi, Art. 13 cha Convention ikuti kuti chikalatacho sizikhudza milandu komwe kulanda nzika anachita mu gawo lina, monga tizilomboto ndipo wovulalayo ali m'mayiko ake, ndi loyamba ili mu State. Onani izi zikutipatsa chimango chifukwa zimachitika pakati limati polimbana ndi mlandu umenewu. Pa nthawi yomweyo zamalowo si akuletsa boma kupereka m'chilamulo chake chilango cha kulikonse akapolo kutenga.

mankhwala osokoneza bongo

ntchito oletsedwa zokhudzana ndi kupanga, ndi kugulitsa zinthu zimenezi, kwa zaka zambiri kutumikira monga chinthu ndi zotsatira mayiko malamulo. mu dziko lero ndi Convention Single pa chomwa mankhwalawa Mankhwala ndi Psychotropic. Zikukhudza lonse malamulo, kupereka njira ya ulamuliro pa makope mankhwala oletsedwa. Makamaka, chilango zimene n'kosaloleka:

1. Lowetsani / katundu.
2. Yosungirako.
3. Kulima ndi kupanga.
4. Sale / kugula.

Monga lamulo latsopano mokomera panganoli UN, amene nthawi njira pofuna kuthana ndi kugulitsa bongo mankhwala amenewa. chikalata ichi anavomerezedwa mu 1988, boma la Soviet Union linalowa nawo m'Pangano mu 1989. Msonkhanowu limanena kuti kuthetsa kuchuluka bongo kupanga kusungiramo zinthu chomwa mankhwalawa ndi psychotropic amachita ngati udindo gulu la mayiko onse. Mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe ayenerere kukhala ndi kuphwanya dala malamulo ondandalikidwa Art. 3. The malamulo m'banja komanso amapereka udindo machitidwe oterewa. mtengo zovuta ali Chilamulo Federal "Pa chomwa mankhwalawa Mankhwala ndi mankhwala Psychotropic" anavomera mu 1998. Iwo anavomereza chimango lamulo la boma m'munda wa kugulitsa bongo wa zinthu zimenezi, pali maumboni zida lonse.

hijacking

upandu zinalinso mu Convention zogwirizana UN. umanena kuti mchitidwe wa mtundu uwu likuoneka chitetezo cha katundu ndi anthu, kuchititsa kuwonongeka zogwirika kuti ndege, Zimalepheretsa chidaliro nzika 'mu chitetezo cha ndege. makhalidwe chokhumudwitsa wapatsidwa nkhaniyi. 1 la panganoli. Monga mchitidwe wa anaona oletsedwa, zachiwawa kapena kuopsezedwa ngati kapena ntchito zina mwamantha hijacking kapena kulamulira, zopangidwa ndi wosewera aliyense pa bolodi, kukhala mu ndege. gulu la milandu amachita akufuna kuchita ndiponso mogwirizana mu izo. ndegeyo amaona kuti kukhala mu ndege kuchokera pamene kutseka chitseko kunja pambuyo potsegula pamaso kutsegula kwa aliyense wa iwo kutsitsa. Msonkhanowu likukhudza milandu imene malo ankafika kwenikweni kapena kutenga wolemera ili kunja kulembetsa ndege. Pankhaniyi, izo kanthu, Pangani ndege m'banja kapena mayiko.

Msonkhanowu siisonyeza boma kukhazikitsa udindo wakewake mu malamulo pa milandu yotereyi. Mu Russia, funso chilango agwirizana motere. Udindo sanalemberetu cha zinthu taonera Convention ndi zokhudza ntchito mogwirizana kwa mayiko. Agwiritsidwa milandu iliyonse matendawa kapena hijacking. Pankhaniyi, chilango likukhudza zochita anachita osati ndege, koma pamene anali padziko lapansi. kamba kutipanikiza anaika mu panganoli sizikukhudzana ndi Mphamvu dziko.

Komanso

Today kusiyanitsa gulu lina - upandu mtanda malire. Monga ulamuliro, zimenezi kuphatikiza kumenya munthu, kuwononga zinthu za mabungwe kapena nzika za mayiko osiyana. Kuti ndi kuwonongeka Pankhaniyi chimafikira kupitirira malire a boma limodzi. khalidwe zaposachedwapa yotengedwa ndi bungwe upandu.