Saponins - ndichiyani? Makhalidwe, malongosoledwe

Mankhwala saponins (komanso glycosides saponizidy kapena geterozidy) - ndi ofanana nawo a triterpenoids ndi mankhwala. Ali chabe ndi hemolytic ntchito, komanso poizoni nyama mwankhanzaku. Saponins anawagawa triterpenoid ndi steroid. Zikupezeka mu thunthu, masamba, maluwa, mizu ndi zipatso za zomera. zinthuzi zigwirizana wa zimam'patsa ndi aglycon.

Kufotokozera ndi makhalidwe

saponin aliyense amene katundu ndi mbali zingapo, lili ndi chikoka otchuka pa zamoyo kwachilengedwenso. mankhwala amachititsa hemolysis ndi mitundu mafuta m'thupi (chifukwa cha chipolopolo izi wotaya erythrocytes ake semipermeable). Action saponins kumabweretsa ingress wa hemoglobin m'magazi. Chifukwa amenewa nyama mwankhanzaku akusokoneza makutu.

zamoyo ambiri akuphedwa ndi poizoni, amene n'kopanda saponins. Ndi chiyani icho? mankhwala awa ali amorphous kapena crystalline hygroscopic chikasu mankhwala (kapena colorless). Pakuti saponin amakhala ndi mkulu matenthedwe limatsogolera ndi kuwonongeka. Iwo amatha kutsitsa mavuto padziko, chifukwa chimene mwa kugwirana njira zawo amadzimadzi kupanga zambiri khola thovu. Mu chloroform, benzene ndi diethyl efa siponiny insoluble. Koma n'zosiyana ndi madzi, Mowa ndi methanol. Mu solvents izi hydrophilic saponins sungunuka nkhani ya mkulu zili monosoharidov mu mamolekyulu awo.

Zitsanzo za saponin m'chilengedwe

Kutali ndi banja limodzi la zomera zili saponins. Total asayansi ali pafupifupi 40 a magulu awa mitundu. Maselo a zomera amenewa amapanga saponins kusungunuka. Ndi chiyani icho? Nthawi zambiri, gawo ili la mankhwala zikuchokera zomera mobisa. Triterpene saponins ndi khalidwe Caryophyllaceae, Araliaceae, nyemba, polemoniaceae, polygalaceae, hippocastanoideae, Rosaceae ndi T. D. Ambiri anagawira zomera monga licorice, kapena ginseng, mwachitsanzo, Aralia.

Steroidal saponins ali m'gulu la zomera a kakombo banja, figwort, agave, dioscoreaceae ndi zina. Pa. Gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo sarsaparil, foxglove ndi Dioscorea.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu a zomera ndi olekanitsidwa saponins kudziteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Choncho, glycosides yotithandiza kukula kugunda zawo, nkhawa kukana ndi kusintha kumera. saponin Mwa kusintha zikuchokera inki carotenoid nawo photosynthesis. thunthu akhoza kupangidwa mu masamba, kumene kunyamulidwa ndi ena mbewu. Zothandiza pawiri ndi atasunga maselo wapadera ndi epidermal tsinde. Pomaliza, izo zipita pomwepo kenaka, ndi udindo kafalitsidwe vegetative. Saponins amapangidwa pa mlingo zochuluka mwambo kuwonongeka kwa mbewu, zimakhala ndi.

Hydrolysis ndipo zili monosaccharides

saponins Tizilombo zomera, asidi hydrolysis. Iwo akhoza kupanga maofesi maselo ndi lipids, sterols, mapuloteni ndi mankhwala phenolic. Saponins (yeniyeni, zimam'patsa awo gawo) muli kuchokera 1 mpaka monosaccharides 11. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu amatanthauza mtundu makamaka: oligozidam, pentozidam, triozidam, biozidam, monozidam.

Nthawi zambiri zili zinthu monga D-xylose, D-shuga, D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose ndi T. D. zinthu zoterezi monga saponins. Ndi chiyani icho? Monosaccharides - pawiri organic kupanga unyolo mpweya kumene nthambi kapena liniya. Steroidal saponins mitundu zigwirizana 1-5 zinthu zimenezi, pamene triterpene ake ndi 10 kapena kuposa.

The m'zigawo za saponins

Kukonzekera saponin kuchokera ku zipangizo choyambirira zachilengedwe yaiwisi ikuchitika mu magawo angapo. Choyamba m'zigawo (zigawo kutengerapo ku olimba kuti madzi ndi zosungunulira a). Kenako nkhanizo chifukwa lidzayeretsedwa ndi kulekanitsidwa.

Pakuti m'zigawo mankhwala kumalo ozizira ntchito - Mowa ndi methanol ndi woipa zosiyanasiyana. Komanso ntchito sodium kolorayidi njira. Nthawi zina, m'zigawo a zipangizo kuti efa kukonzedwa ndi mpweya. Popanda ichi ndondomeko zosatheka chiwonongeko slozhnorastvorimyh maofesi kuphatikizapo saponins, mapuloteni, sterols ndi mankhwala phenolic.

kuyeretsa

njira kwa poyeretsa saponins analandira kumadalira dongosolo lawo. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu kumalo ozizira ndi bwino sungunuka methanol ndi Mowa, ndi pansi kuzirala kapena Kuwonjezera Mowa kupanga precipitate khalidwe. Koma n'zosiyana ndi glycosides. Iwo woterowu pambuyo dilution ndi madzi, akupanga mowa, ndipo musati kupasuka mu madzi. Kuti kuyeretsa saponins triterpene zofunika soda. Komanso kuchita iwo, acetone, diethyl efa, ethyl nthochi, Kununkhila kwa ndiponso butyl alcohols.

njira zina kuyeretsedwa zochokera katundu wa saponins watsopano, pamodzi ndi kutsogolera nthochi kapena barium hydroxide insoluble mchere. Pa chiphaso cha maofesi amenewa linakwiriridwa. njira zimenezi n'zofunika kuti apange saponins choyera kwambiri. Ndi chiyani icho? Ichi ndi wapamwamba sikukhala zosafunika zigawo ndi zikuchokera yunifolomu.

chromatographic kulekana

Aliyense kanthu mbewu (mwachitsanzo, flavonoids, saponins ndi T. D.) Aisiraeli kugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Kuziyeretsa, kuwonjezera pa njira kale anafotokoza tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito chromatographic kulekana. Mu nkhani iyi, ntchito solvents monga asidi acetic, N-butanol, chloroform, amadzimadzi amoniya, N-propyl mowa, methanol, ndipo T. D.

Zotsatirazi kuyambirira chromatographic kulekana processing akuyamba reagents acidic - .. asidi Phosphomolybdic, antimony pentachloride, etc. Chifukwa, saponins mawonekedwe polyenes - conjugated unsaturated pawiri. Iwo akhoza utoto wofiira ndi zofiirira kapena pinki (malingana ndi dongosolo la thunthu).

ntchito

Saponins ntchito ndi zolinga zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akuwonjezeka mu wothandizila thobvu mu zozimitsira moto (chifukwa chakuti zinthu izi kupanga lather zambiri). Saponins mulinso suspensions ndi emulsions wa zikuchokera, motero ofunika awa dispersions. Zinthu mu gulu ili zosiyana katundu emulsifying amene amapanga iwo kothandiza chigawo cha sopo.

Saponins ntchito yokonza zakumwa (mwachitsanzo, mowa), komanso Confectionery (halvah). Iwo amapangidwa monga zowonjezera zakudya ndi zakudya. Iwo ntchito mu zipatala (mitsempha, Chakudya chopatsa thanzi, expectorants, katemera ndi zina zotero. D.). Ngakhale ubwino achire, saponins chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ake, kusamala chofunika ntchito.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala

Saponins, licorice akhala amadziwika ndi ntchito zake odana ndi matupi awo sagwirizana ndi odana ndi yotupa. zochokera formulations awa akhoza kukhala ufa, ndi madzi kapena Tingafinye. Liquorice - maziko a olandira. Iwo anawonjezera kusintha kakomedwe ka mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Licorice ntchito mu nkhani ya matenda tizilombo wa khungu ndi ziwalo zoberekera, komanso matailosi.

The zothandiza kwambiri kwa maganizo a kamwedwe ka mankhwala ndi gawo la saponins glycyrrhetinic acid ndi glycyrrhizin. Kuchokera pa iwo anakonza kuthandiza polimbana ndi mphumu. chigawo china chofunika - flavonoid. mankhwala awa ali gawo flakarbina ndi likiritona okhala antiulcer, antisecretory, odana ndi yotupa ndi zotsatira spasmolytic. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chapamimba ndi mmatumbo chilonda kapena gastritis.

Zotsatira zopindulitsa za ginseng amadziwika mu East kwa zaka, pamene zomera wakhala mankhwala otchuka ndi mophiphiritsira amatchedwa "muzu wa moyo". Mu China ndi Korea, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pophikira. Ginseng mizu ndi zimandilimbikitsa ndi zolimbikitsa, iwo ntchito ngati adaptogen ndi. Ndalama pa maziko a reagents awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda a zopangitsa adrenal. Anthu ambiri saponins mu ginseng kufika pazipita akafike zaka mbewu asanu.

Zotsatira pa thupi la munthu

Ngati alkaloids, saponins zimakhudza thanzi la munthu. Pamene anaikidwa M'mimbamo m'kamwa kapena nembanemba mucous ya mphuno ndi diso mkwiyo iwo amayambitsa. An katulutsidwe itakula wa zopangitsa, amene amathandiza tichotse ntchofu ndi amathandiza bronchi. Komabe, anthu ambiri saponin kuti thupi la munthu kukhala kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, pali mkwiyo wa matumbo ndi m'mimba. Zotsatira poizoni zinthu izi zimabweretsa kusanza, chizungulire ndi kutsekula m'mimba.

Saponins ndi wofunika ngati wothandizira ndi mankhwala ena mofulumira odzipereka mu thupi la munthu. mmene zimadalira mbewu yeniyeni. Kuwonjezera zotsatira tanenera kale, iwo akhoza odana ndi chilonda, mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba wofatsa, adaptogenic, kortikotropny ndi zotsatira diuretic.

zipangizo

Gwero lina zambiri za zopangira kwa kudzipatula saponins ndi Manchurian Aralia. Izi ndi yaing'ono ndipo mofulumira kukula mtengo kutalika kwa mamita 3 mpaka 6. Iwo amakhala ndi dongosolo kungotengeka mizu ndi chabe ofanana Kanjedza. Zomera ndi wofala kummawa kwa dziko la Russia, kuphatikizapo Khabarovsk, Primorsky Gawo ndi Region Amur.

Saponins zimapezeka mizu ya Aralia. Pamene ntchito yokolola zomera zaka 5 zaka 15. Mizu kukolola m'dzinja kapena m'chaka pamaso ukufalikira masamba. Iwo anakumba ndi crowbars ndi mafosholo. Ndiye, kuyanika chofunika, iwo nthawi zambiri ikuchitika dryers yapadera, imene kutentha ukufika 60 ° C. Alumali moyo wa zomangira yaiwisi zaka zitatu.