Mmphepete khalidwe - ndi chiyani ichi? Features khalidwe mmphepete

Mwina mukudziwa kuti inu chinthu monga makhalidwe mmphepete. Zitsanzo wa moyo umene Mwachitsanzo ambiri ake. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa kuunikila chinthu chimodzi chimene chimabweretsa pamodzi zitsanzo zimenezi. Imafotokoza makhalidwe a khalidwe mmphepete. Mudzaphunzira icho chiri, chimene ali nazo, kodi mitundu ndi makhalidwe. Mawu akuti "mmphepete" wakhala zachilendo zaposachedwapa, ngati osati yapamwamba. Pambuyo yopuma-ndi dongosolo la ndale, tinganene kuti dziko lathu chuma msika kuti mawu munakhala mu lotanthauzira mawu a anthu a Russia, limodzi ndi "golide unyamata", "oligarch", "ometa mpala" ndi zina zotero.

Malire a liwu lakuti "marginality"

N'zovuta kufotokoza zimene zimapanga khalidwe mmphepete. Mu dziko lathu, panali mndandanda wa ntchito za sayansi ndi odzipereka kwa nkhaniyi. Mwatsoka, tisaiwale kuti olemba osiyana wa ntchito izi pansi pa "mmphepete" si nthawi zonse kudziwa chinthu chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, lero malamulo wakhala owonjezera monga kumanja. M'mawu ena, lingaliro akutchula osati munthu.

Komanso chodabwitsa marginality masiku ano osati monga zoipa, ndi chimene amagwirizana mu unyinji. Lake pena ayesedwa monga umboni kukhala mfundo zapamwamba za mtumiki wa khalidwe limeneli. M'nkhaniyi, khalidwe mmphepete - ndi chinthu chimene akhoza ayesedwa ndithu.

Zikhulupiriro bezotsenochnoe

Mokulira lingaliro ili ndi sanali kuweruza. Mwachitsanzo, IV Malyshev ananena kuti khalidwe mmphepete - "izo si zabwino kapena zoipa." Iye ananenanso kuti mfundo ya "m'mbali" palibe detonata okhazikika. Kodi paliponse lerolino, mawa kudzakhala kumbali ya dongosolo msewu. Ndithudi, amene anali posachedwapa ndi "wakuda nkhosa" kawirikawiri chitsanzo chabwino. Iye kusandulika kuchokera m'mphepete woimira kalasi olamulira. Kotero izo zinali, mwachitsanzo, ndi "latsopano Russian" - novice amalonda mu Russia.

Starik anakonza njira m'malo pachiyambi kuti timvetse bwino marginality. kafukufuku The ananena kuti khalidwe mmphepete - khalidwe kuti ali ndi kusintha (zabwino kapena zoipa) ndi ndale, koma polyvector. Marginality - ndi reassembly ndondomeko ya anthu zithunzi, pamene khwimbi la anthu, ndalama ndithu ali inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku gulu limodzi chikhalidwe ndi mzake. kafukufuku ananena kuti matenda ndi pangano kukula kwa lake chikhalidwe.

njira interdisciplinary

Kotero, zikhoza ananena kuti adziwe zili chinthu choterocho monga makhalidwe mmphepete, pali chiwerengero cha mavuto. Makamaka pamene ntchito mawu akuti chilango anayamba njira zosiyanasiyana (chikhalidwe maganizo, sociological, sayansi ndale, chikhalidwe ndi ndalama). Ichi chimapereka mwachilungamo ambiri kwambiri mfundo zimene wayamba multidisciplinary. Komanso, mu njira ya chitukuko, powunikira akuti, linatsimikizidwa ndi mfundo zingapo zokhudza osiyanasiyana marginality.

Origin ndi kutanthauzira mawu akuti "mmphepete"

Mawu amenewa anachokera ku French njira akuti "minda, mbali." Monga ulamuliro, izo zikutanthauza zotsatirazi: osafunika zazing'ono, wapakatikati, sekondale. tanthauzo la mawu akuti, ndi zambiri khalidwe la Chifalansa ndi ntchito makamaka mu chuma - ". pafupifupi opanda pake ndi chuma pafupi ndi malire"

Koma kwa ife chidwi kutanthauzira wina. The Brockhaus ndi Efron akupereka tanthauzo zotsatirazi: marginalia - ndi zolemba mwachidule anatengedwa mu minda ya mabuku oyambirira kusindikizidwa kapena inalembedwa. Iwo anafuna kuti anthu amvetse malo ena a malemba. Mophiphiritsa, ndi m'mbali munthu amene ali pafupi mtundu, pakhomo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi amene adapezeka "m'madzi".

Aliyense akhoza okanidwa

Mogwirizana ndi pamwamba, funso n'lakuti: Kodi kudziwa mzere uwu, kumvetsa ngati munthu makamaka "pakhomo", kapena waima kutsogolo kwake? ndi mbali ya makhalidwe ya mmphepete chiyani?

Malamulo a masewerawo anakhazikitsa m'deralo, ndi ena njakata, zimenezi chidwi mfundo chitembenukiro. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti aliyense zoona, tinganene kuti ngati mmphepete, ngati:

• chuma chawo si chinaneneratu;
• mawa si wotetezedwa;
• maganizo ake ndi thanzi ndi wosakhazikika;
• analola mwachisawawa kasinthasintha tsoka;
• aliyense khalidwe khalidwe, maonekedwe enieni, chizolowezi kapena ntchito ndi enawo zimapanga ochepa akhoza amatengedwa kuti ndi kupatuka mwakale, amene nawonso, ndi chifukwa chokana.

dziko, ndithudi, pali thanzi mwamtheradi, wabwinobwino m'zonse otetezedwa, zoyenerera mtundu wa mavoti umboni wa nzeru za Agiriki wa munthu. Komabe, njira imeneyi sapereka ife chilichonse mu tanthauzo la mmphepete. A. Greene amanena kuti mmphepete munthu - mwatsatanetsatane yaitali. Kuphatikizapo onse, lingaliro ili sakulamulira chirichonse. Choncho, mawu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala ndipo patapita mtima wa magawo ake.

Opinion A. A. Nikitina

A. Nikitin amaona marginality monga mwapadera anthu kapena gulu kuti ali kungasokoneze kapangidwe ka anthu ndi amakhala ndi mapindikidwe wa mtengo kachitidwe, chikhalidwe malangizo ndi miyambo. Pa nthawi yomweyo anawononga kulankhulana lotha, munthu kapena gulu atalikirana angapo njira malamulo, chuma ndi ndale. Chifukwa cha zonsezi izo anapanga mtundu wapadera wa umunthu mmphepete.

Umunthu mmphepete

Ndi A. A. Nikitinu, izo wofanana ndi magulu zotsatirazi awiri a makhalidwe: mwachindunji, malamulo ndi ambiri chikhalidwe. Yotsirizira zikuphatikizapo kusintha yokulirapo kapena kutayiratu m'mbuyomo malamulo ndi chuma chawo, omwe chifukwa cha zinthu zina munthu. Imakhudzanso apa pakati pa malamulo ndi vuto chikhalidwe, pakhale anatengera wapawiri chikhalidwe, etc. katundu Mwapadera malamulo -. Izi pakalibe, incorrectness kapena kusowa lamulo malamulo a zinthu za anthu a oponderezedwa. Komanso, n'zosatheka kwathunthu ufulu ndi kumasulika anapereka chifukwa malamulo pankhani ya anthu oterowo. mkhalidwe wawo ku mawonedwe a chilamulo mwina chosadziwika kapena okayikira.

Zikamera wa marginality kufooketsedwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• atasintha kapena imfa ya udindo poyamba chikhalidwe ndi / kapena malamulo, mitundu ya zomwe zingasiyane (imfa kapena kuchepetsa ndalama, kuchotsedwa ntchito, nyumba kapena banja, olumala ndi matenda, kusintha malo okhala / zogona, etc.);
• externalities kugwirizana ndi kusintha kwambiri ndi chidwi za zinthu zokhudza madera osiyana (national, chikhalidwe, ndale, a zachuma, etc.);
• atasintha mu chikhalidwe maganizo, amene amakhala ndi ndondomeko zina wodzilamulira kuzindikiritsa anthu onse m'dziko, osauka amaonera miyambo yawo, imfa ya zinthu zofunika, etc.

Bio- ndi sotsiomarginaly

Pakati pa mmphepete allocated bio- ndi sotsiomarginaly. Woyamba ndi anthu olephera chifukwa cha matenda. Sotsiomarginaly kuchokera kalasi kapena gulu chifukwa cha mavuto ena, sadalira kapena amadalira munthu. kulolerana awo mu kalasi kapena gulu la zovuta chifukwa chakuti athandize anthu ochokera kulankhulana palibe anthu.

Malinga D. M. Zaripov mitundu chachikulu cha zolakwa utsogoleri ndi makhalidwe yonse ya khalidwe m'mbali ndi kupempha, umbava ukule, ndipo anakakhala parasitism, imene tsopano phunziro okha ku chiweruzo abwino. Komanso, sotsiomarginalami ndi ana, zaperekedwa kwa machimo mu dipatimenti apolisi. Mulinso anthu chinkhoswe mu uhule, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mowa, anakakamizika anapita kukagwira atsamunda. Biomarginalami matenda opatsirana ali odwala mankhwala yaitali (i.e., curable) odwala TB ndi matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana ndi opatsirana pogonana, khate ndi HIV.

"Pa chiopsezo"

mabuku mobwerezabwereza ananena kuti criminalization a (okhudzidwa mlandu wophwanya malamulo) imvera kuposa enawo ali mmphepete subgroups. Izi otchedwa "magulu chiopsezo". Njirazi ndi monga:

• pantchito kapena fictitiously ntchito;
• gawo osauka a anthu;
• Oimira otchedwa "pansi chikhalidwe" (pokhala, tramps, bums, opemphapempha ndi ena.);
• anthu amene akhala mu ndende kapena kubwerera ku usilikali;
• anthu osoŵa, othawa ku "mawanga otentha", anthu kusamuka kwa mzinda kuchokera m'midzi.

Izi ndi anthu kulikonse. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pali kusiyana mu mawu a manambala a oimira magulu awa ndi "ufulu" mbali ya dziko.

Kuchuluka kwa marginality

A. A. Nikitin limatchula zotsatirazi mlingo 2 marginality: boma ndi ena. Kuchokera pa kaya mamembala kupitirira magulu ena kumbali ya kum'mawa, kafukufuku wa akumufunsira kugawanitsa iwo mu awiri wosanjikiza mmphepete:

• gulu chikhalidwe kapena wosanjikiza chiopsezo;
• asocial gulu kapena wosanjikiza.

Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo magulu a anthu, monga anthu ochokera kwina anthu osamukira, othawa kwawo amene alibe udindo wa amakakamizidwa anapita kukagwira kapena othawa kwawo, lova anthu olumala ndi anthu opanda kulembetsa. The chachiwiri - ananyalanyaza ndi unaccompanied ana mahule bums, opemphetsa, Kunkapezekanso kale anali akaidi akudwala mankhwala kapena mowa mwauchidakwa, mankhwala nkhanza.

malamulo a khalidwe malire

Tinganene kuti pali mmphepete khalidwe labwino? Yankho lolondola pa funso limeneli motere. Mmphepete khalidwe - chodabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri yodziwika ndi malire a. Ndi pafupi ndi zololedwa ndi n'kosaloleka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti khalidwe mmphepete zikuphatikizapo lovomerezeka, koma pali kumalire ndi oletsedwa ndi n'kosaloleka. Muyezo chifukwa kupatsa ina mmphepete gulu mmodzi wa zigawo ziwiri zafotokozedwa pamwambapa anganene kuti ndi malamulo (kuphatikizapo asociality) ndi woyenera khalidwe la anthu ake. Opalamula makamaka chidwi wachiwiri (sakonda) wosanjikiza, pamene anthu a gulu loyamba (osamuka oletsedwa, mwachitsanzo) sayenera analekerera, kuyambira gulu akufuna pamwamba pokhapo titachitapo.

Kodi mmphepete khalidwe labwino? Bukuli lili pa zifukwa zotsatirazi: kuwerengetsera munthu wodzikonda, udindo mantha, kuopa chiweruzo kwa anthu a, boma kapena anthu ena. Mmphepete wolongosoka (Zitsanzo - uchidakwa, alibe pokhala, etc.) monga ali pafupi sakonda. Imbaendesa munthu ku vutolo. Komabe, zikhoza yodziwika monga khalidwe mmphepete malamulo. Pankhaniyi, limagwirira zamaganizo a zolinga anthu "amayamba" otsatirawa mphamvu galimoto: kuopa chiweruzo, kuopseza chilango zotheka, etc. Iwo munthu ku vutolo.

pomaliza

Choncho, mmphepete khalidwe, zitsanzo ndi mbali ya zomwe takambirana, ndi yosiyanasiyana. Kungakhale nthumwi za ambiri mwa magawo chikhalidwe. Panopa, pali matanthauzo ambiri a mawu monga "khalidwe m'mbali." Zitsanzo zina za iwo apatsidwa nkhaniyi. Science, zimafuna powunikira akuti.