Mtsinje zoyendera. Mayendedwe ndi zoyendera mtsinje. Riverport

Madzi (mtsinje) zoyendera - ichi zoyendera amene amathandiza mayendedwe a anthu ndi katundu ndi zipangizo pa madzi onse magwero achilengedwe (mitsinje, nyanja) ndi yokumba (madamu, ngalande). mwayi waukulu ndi mtengo wotsika, kupanga izo zinali zofunika mu boma dongosolo mayendedwe a dziko, ngakhale seasonality ndi otsika liwiro.

Ubwino ndi kuipa

Russian mtsinje zoyendera amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu yapakati-chigawo ndi zoyendera kwapakati pa-chigawo cha dziko lathu. ubwino wake kugona mu njira ya chiyambi zachilengedwe, mu dongosolo limene amagwiritsa zotsikirako mtengo kusiyana yomanga njanji ndipo misewu. katundu mtengo mu madzi ndi poyerekeza ndi njanji. Koma ntchito zokolola ndi apamwamba ndi 35 peresenti.

Komabe, mtsinje mayendedwe ndi kuipa angapo - ndi nyengo mu chilengedwe, otsika kayendedwe liwiro, tingagwire, ndilo chifukwa kasinthidwe wa maukonde madzi. Komanso, mtsempha wamagazi yaikulu ya dziko lathu umayenda kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera ndi kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto, ndi chachikulu katundu utuluke ndi malangizo latitudinal.

misewu yaikulu

Chifukwa yomanga cascades wa opangira magetsi mtsinje Volga ndi Kama anatembenukira kwa payipi kwambiri madzi. Interbasin kugwirizana wa Moscow-Volga, White Nyanja Baltic ndi Volga-Baltic ndi Volga-Don ndi Volga ndi lero United boo dongosolo, okwana kutalika - 6,3 zikwi makilomita. Pamene Kuwonjezeka zoyendera madzi kumtunda la kum'mawa la Russia akadali udindo waukulu womwe ndi Volga-Kama beseni. Pa mtsinje zake zoposa makumi asanu cent pa za mayendedwe a Apaulendo ndi katundu. Mbuto ikulu mu beseni anatenga zoyendera mtsinje zoyendera zipangizo zomangamanga (60 peresenti). mayendedwe awo ikuchitika malangizo onse, ndi advantageously kwapakati khalidwe.

Kodi kusamutsidwa mitsinje Russia?

Mtsinje zoyendera mu mitsempha izi makamaka akukamba matabwa, mmene onse ziwiya ndi achikulire, pa raft, ndi njira aloyi. Pa Volga Kama kusamutsidwa nkhalango ya ku Siberia ndi limodzi Volga-Baltic Waterway - nkhalango Vologda ndi Arkhangelsk m'madera Karelia chifukwa m'chigawo cha North Caucasus ndiponso dera Volga. Mtsinje zoyendera mu Moscow kumafuna matabwa mayendedwe pa njira yomweyo mu dera Moscow ndi Moscow. Kudzera mwa madoko wa Volga ndi Kama mu khala Kuznetsk beseni kusamutsidwa, ndiyeno chimadzera mitsinje ndi zopangira magetsiwa. Komanso, malo otchuka ndi yobereka mchere - ndi mchere ziwaya Baskunchan mmwamba Volga Volga madoko, ndi Urals, ndi Center, ku North-West wa ogwira ntchito za mafakitale nsomba ndi katundu. Komanso, kukwera Volga anatumiza ulimi (mavwende) wa Volgograd ndi Astrakhan m'madera nsomba ku Nyanja Caspian, komanso mankhwala ku dera Volga ndi Urals. Malangizo onse, natengedwa mankhwala mafuta ndi mafuta, cargoes tirigu.

Malangizo chachikulu

Russian zoyendera mtsinjewu makamaka bwino mwatsatanetsatane Volga-Kama beseni chifukwa Kama ndi makhwawa yake - ndi Vyatka ndi Belaya - n'kofunika kuti Urals kugwirizana ndi North West, ndi Center, dera Volga. The Kama pansi malonda makamaka tirigu, matabwa, mafuta, katundu mankhwala, zipangizo yomanga mchere. Motsogozedwa n'zosiyana imapezeka malasha, simenti, nkhuni. Chapamwamba Kama katundu kwambiri zochepa. Komanso, Volga-Don njira anathandiza kuwonjezeka mayendedwe a chochuluka Volga. Uyamiko kwa Iye, kuchokera m'madera pafupi ndi Don, wa Volga kunyamula tirigu, malasha, mavwende, mankhwala mafakitale ndi katundu wina. Zosiyaniratu malangizo - mankhwala simenti, miyala, matabwa, mankhwala. Zonsezi amanyamula zoyendera mtsinje. Samara, komanso midzi ina m'dera Middle Volga, ndi ogula yaikulu ya katundu izi. A mbali yaikulu pa chitukuko cha mayendedwe kusewera kugwirizana waterway pakati pa beseni ili ndi dera North-West, komanso limati zina mwa nyanja ya Baltic kudzera njira Volga-Baltic. Therethrough apatite maganizo chimadzera mu kum'mwera malangizo, miyala, mitengo yomangira, nkhuni, ndi kumpoto - katundu mankhwala, tirigu, malasha ndi mafuta malonda.

mayendedwe zonyamula

Mu kuikapo maganizo ndi waukulu utuluke zonyamula wa Volga-Kama beseni. siteshoni aliyense mtsinje adzadzipereka nzika zosiyanasiyana m'dera, maulendo, m'matauni ndi madera wakunja kwatawuni. ziwiya zonyamula ankagwiritsa ntchito mu gulu la ntchito zokopa alendo ndi zosangalatsa. Motalikitsa ndi polumikizira mzere ku Moscow ku Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov ndi Ufa. Yaikulu siteshoni mtsinje ndi ku likulu la Russia. Mu Volga-Vyatka beseni mwa madoko akuluakulu mtsinje ndi Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Moscow, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, Yaroslavl.

North-kumadzulo

Mtsinje akhala akutumikira monga aya chapakati mayendedwe a North-Western ndi kumpoto zachuma. Mu gawo European wa madzi zazikulu mayendedwe a katundu ndi kumpoto Dvina Mtsinje ndi makhwawa wake ndi Sukhona Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, ndi chakumadzulo - Svir, Neva ndi White Nyanja Baltic Ngalande. The madzi kumpoto unachitikira mtsinje wamphamvu zipangizo mchere nyumba ndi mafuta, matabwa, tirigu ndi malasha. Madoko aakulu Narjan Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

Chakumadzulo dziwe akukamba southbound matabwa ndi zitsulo ku Karelia, apatite maganizo Kola Peninsula. Zosiyaniratu malangizo - Malawi, tirigu, mchere ndi mafuta. A polumikizira mfundo katundu osiyanasiyana ali Volkhov, Petrozavodsk ndi St. Petersburg. Choncho, mu Moscow ndi dera Upper Volga anakonza okhazikika mzere anthu. Chabwino anayamba pano ndi njirazo m'deralo, ichi makamaka noticeable ndi kuchuluka ziwiya mkulu-liwiro.

chakummawa

Kummawa, Russia mu malo oyamba nkhani ya mayendedwe amatenga ob-Irtysh beseni ku Western Siberia. Mtsinje zoyendera chinachititsa kuti mafuta ndi mpweya chuma, komanso nkhalango. Wa chachikulu zoyendera transshipment mfundo (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) pa Irtysh ndi ob aziwapatsa malasha, pobowola zida ndi mapaipi, zipangizo zomangamanga, chakudya ndi mankhwala mafakitale m'madera a mafuta ndi gasi minda ya m'dera Tyumen. Kutumiza katundu kwa hinterland m'dzikoli ikuchitika pa kumpoto Nyanja Route, kenako kutsegulaso pakamwa wa Taz, Puri ndi Obi pa riverboats. Ambiri a magalimoto zinagwera nkhuni amapita kwa Hiramu anatumiza mu mtsinje doko la Asino. Ndiye amadutsa pa zombo mu Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk. Kuposa kotala la makontena pamodzi Irtysh ndi ob kupanga zomangira kuti anachokera m'madera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto, m'madera a mafuta ndi mpweya makampani. Komanso, n'kofunika kwambiri ali mtsinje mayendedwe mu mayendedwe a katundu tirigu, mchere, malasha ndi mankhwala mafuta.

Obi, pamodzi ndi madoko wakale wa Barnaul ndi Novosibirsk, ndi yofunika ankaimba ndi madoko kuti chikanachitika mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha malo mafakitale - Surgut, ob, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Angara ndi Yenisei

Yenisei Mtsinje zoyendera kulumikiza mbali ya kum'mwera ya kum'mawa Siberia ndi zigawo Arctic. Apa mayendedwe nkhalango kufika magawo awiri a zolowa onse a Yenisei. Komanso, mtsinje kusamutsidwa ufa, mafuta, malasha ndi kumanga mchere zipangizo. Upper Yenissei ku Minusinska kuti Krasnoyarsk, yodziwika ndi predominance katundu ndi ikuyenda pambuyo pake mbuto ikulu kuti ali mbewu.

M'kamwa mwa Angara: apa pakubwera Mbali yaikulu ya nkhalango, alekanitsa otaya katundu pa Yenisei. Mbali yaikulu imatsogoleredwa oposa, ndi pakamwa ndi Dickson - pambuyo pake. Kuwonjezera nkhalango, ndi malo ofunika wotanganidwa basi zipangizo yomanga ndi khala mchere. Madoko chachikulu ndi Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, ndi pa Angara - Makarievo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ayenela-Ilim.

Lena ndi Amur

Lena kutumiza akuyamba ku doko Osetrovo ndi ikuchitika ku ankadziwana mtsinje. Apa, kuwonjezera katundu zoweta anapulumutsa katundu amene anabwera kwa sitima ya - kuchokera Tiksi Bay Sturgeon. magawo awiri a magalimoto linanyamula khala ndi zomangira, ndi zina - nkhalango, ndi mafuta. Ambiri a iwo kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. ntchito katundu akutsatiridwa ndi madoko a Kirensk, Nsombazi, Yakutsk, Vitim.

Mu Far East lalikulu zoyendera kufunika kwa Amur ndi makhwawa wake Zeya ndi Bureya. The katundu chachikulu ndi mbewu, mchere, zitsulo, malasha, nkhuni, mafuta, ndi nsomba. Major madoko - Komsomolsk pa-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk. Kumalo amenewa, chifukwa zofunikira kuchepa zoyendera aya dziko mtsinje n'kofunika, ndi mayendedwe a anthu.

zoyendera Sea

Kufunika lalikulu zoyendera nyanja ndi kuti lili ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri pa Russia a malonda yachilendo. Cabotage n'kofunika kokha kupereka dziko kum'mawa ndi kumpoto m'malire. The zolowa katundu zoyendera apanyanja peresenti eyiti. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha yaitali magalimoto mtunda - za 4.5 zikwi makilomita. Mayendedwe m'basimo mu zoyendera apanyanja ndi negligible.

Mavuto a Russia ndi zoyendera apanyanja

Mu dziko lonse apanyanja zoyendera Katundu zolowa pachikhalidwe choyamba, atayima panja otsika mtengo makontena a katundu. Latsopano la Russia kuti kupangika zimakhalanso ofooka, ndi chifukwa chachikulu malo chuma dziko kutali ndi madoko. Komanso mbali yaikulu ya nyanja yozungulira dera la Russia ndi kuzizira. Izi kwambiri kumawonjezera mtengo wa ntchito imeneyi mtundu zoyendera. Vuto lina n'lakuti zombo chakale kwambiri dziko lathu. Mwachitsanzo, nyanja ndi zoyendera mtsinje mu Russia inamangidwa pa zaka makumi awiri zapitazo, kuti si zovomerezeka ndi mfundo mayiko sitima zoterozo ayenera zimatayidwa. Mu zombo zoweta pafupifupi palibe mitundu ano ziwiya: mbandakucha, chidebe, gasi, sitima ndi yopingasa potsegula-katundu ndi ena. Isanafike kugwirizana Crimea, Russia anali khumi okha madoko akuluakulu, koma si zokwanira ngati dziko lalikulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi theka la katundu kubwera mwa nyanja, anali ndi madoko yachilendo. Awa makamaka Soviet Union: Ukraine (Odessa), Latvia (Ventspils), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda). Ntchito nyanja zoyendera mayunitsi kutumiza m'mayiko ena amalimbikitsa zomvetsa kwambiri ndalama. Ngati Black Sea madoko ndi zinthu kwambiri kapena zochepa anathana, pa Baltic nyanja akumanga doko latsopano.