Osati mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo: njira yogwiritsira ntchito komanso ntchito

Njira zowonongeka ndizo njira zomwe zimachepetsa kapena kuchepetsa kumva ululu pamene mukusunga chidziwitso ndi mitundu ina yokhudzidwa. Physiologically, kupweteka kumachitika chifukwa cha zokondweretsa zomwe zimatchedwa zopweteka zopweteka, zomwe zimapezeka kumtundu, mucous ndi serous membranes, komanso mu makulidwe a ziwalo zosiyanasiyana. Zowawa zotenga ululu zimakondwera ndi thupi (mawotchi, kutentha, magetsi, ndi zina zotere) komanso mankhwala osiyana siyana (acids, alkalis, salt salts, phenol derivatives, ndi zina zotero) ndi zinthu zowonongeka za mapuloteni (histamine, serotonin, bradykinin).

Choncho, kupweteka ndi njira yokhayokha ya thupi lowonetsera kusamvetseka mthupi, choncho ndikuteteza. Koma kupweteka kwakukulu ndi kwanthawi yaitali ndi chibadwa cha chilengedwe, pamene icho chimachotsa thupi, chimasokoneza ntchito ya ziwalo zofunika ndipo zingakhoze ngakhale kuchititsa imfa ku mantha. Kuyambira pano, gulu la analgesics ndi lofunika kwambiri, ndipo mbiriyakale ndi kupindulitsa kofunikira kwa anthu.

Kuchepetsa kapena kuletsa ululu kungakhale m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chothandiza kwambiri ndi chotheka kwambiri ndicho kuthetsa chifukwa chomwe, mwatsoka, sizingatheke nthawi zonse, chifukwa sizingatheke kuti mudziwe mwamsanga. Choncho, kawirikawiri zimafunika kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa kanthawi mwa kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, amatsitsimutso am'deralo, anticholinergic, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, astringent, mawotchi angagwiritsidwe ntchito .

Mwachikhalidwe chachitetezo chapakatikatikati ya mitsempha, chiyambi ndi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala, zilembo zamagetsi zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso osokoneza bongo.

Mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi opium ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofanana. Iwo amadziwika, choyamba, ndi mtundu wamtundu wa mitsempha yamkati. Iwo ali ndi zotsatira zoopsa, makamaka nthawi zomwe sizigwirizana ndi zotupa (ndi kuvulala kwakukulu, zotupa zakupha). Mankhwala ozunguza bongo amachititsa kuti odwala aziwongolera mobwerezabwereza chifukwa chakuti odwala amadalira kwambiri maganizo awo. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'maguluwa akuwonjezera chiwombankhanga cha ululu . Madokotala a analgesics oterewa amaika kuti athetse ululu waukulu pamaso pa kuwotcha, kuvulala, ndi zina zotero. Komanso, mankhwalawa amalembedwa kwa odwala omwe sangathe kusokonezeka. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amathandizira mkhalidwe wa maganizo wa wodwalayo. Mankhwalawa sangagwiritsidwe ntchito masiku osachepera atatu kapena anayi, mwinamwake pali chidakwa, ndipo anthu amayamba kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Mankhwala oledzeretsa (opium) ali ndi alkaloids opitirira 30 ndi zina, zomwe zimaphatikizapo chakudya, mapuloteni, lipids, ntchikiti, salt salt, ndi zina zotero. Opiamu imakhala ndi morphine ambiri (pafupifupi 12%), narcotin (mpaka 10%), codeine (mpaka 3-5%) ndi papeverin (mpaka 1%).

Mankhwala osokoneza bongo: mankhwala osokonezeka kwambiri

Mwa njira zothandizira, mankhwala ofunika kwambiri ndi morphine hydrochloride, codeine phosphate, chotsitsa cha opium chowuma, ethylmorphine hydrochloride (dionine), opium tincture yosavuta, pulotoni, papepala, etc.

Osati mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi opanga omwe amasonyeza zotsatira za antigen, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. Mosiyana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, amathetsa kapena amathetsa ululu womwe umagwirizanitsa ndi zotupa m'magulu, mafupa, minofu ndi zina zina (mu neuralgia, articular ndi musoni blini, rheumatism, zilonda za mano, etc.). Izi zikusonyeza kuti maziko a analgesia ndizotsutsana ndi zotupa. Kuonjezera apo, osati mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa kuti munthu asamawonongeke komanso asamangokhalira kupuma.

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ta mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Monga momwe zimadziwira, kutentha kwa thupi kumatenda kumawonjezereka chifukwa cha zinthu zina za pyrogenic (mankhwala a hydrolysis a mapulotini, amino acid, nucleic acids, poizoni tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero) m'malo osokoneza mapulogalamu, omwe amachititsa chisangalalo kuchipatala. Malo osangalatsa a thermoregulation, kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, kumalimbikitsa thupi la hyperthermia la thupi, liri ndi khalidwe lofunika loteteza. Komabe, nthawi zina, hyperthermia ikhoza kufika pangozi yomwe ili yoopsa pa moyo wa zamoyo, ndipo khalidwe lake lotetezera limasandulika kukhala matenda. Zikatero zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito antipyretic wothandizila.

Osati mankhwala osokoneza bongo: mtundu

Chifukwa cha mankhwalawa, amagawidwa m'magulu angapo: salicylic acid derivatives (methyl salicylate, acetylsalicylic acid kapena aspirin), pyrazolone (analgin, butadione, phenazone), para-aminophenol (paracetamol), indoleacetic acid (indomethacin), propionic acid (naproxen, Ketoprofen), anthranilic acid (fluphenam ndi mefenamic acid), pyrrolizin carboxylic acid (ketorolac).

Posachedwapa anayamba kugawira gulu limodzi la anesthetics - analgesics osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala otchuka kwambiri m'gulu lino ndi piroxicam, diclofenac, indomethacin. Njira ya zochita zawo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutseka kwa kaphatikizidwe ka enzyme - cyclooxygenase. Enzyme imeneyi imalimbikitsa kupanga mapuloteni a prostaglandins - oyimira pakati pa ululu ndi zotupa. Mankhwalawa amaletsa kugawa kwa bradykinin, komwe kumakhudza zochitika ndi kufalikira kwa ululu ndi kutupa.