Relativistic tinthu misa

Mu 1905, Albert Einstein lofalitsidwa chiphunzitso chake cha relativity, umene pang'ono anasintha lingaliro la sayansi ya dziko. Kuchokera pa mfundo wake chilinganizo relativistic misa chinapezeka.

chiphunzitso chapadera cha relativity

Akamanena lonse kwagona kuti mu kachitidwe kusuntha wachibale wina ndi mzake, aliyense wa njira zingapo chichitike m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachindunji, izo umaonetseredwa, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa kulemera ndi changu. Ngati mathamangidwe za kayendedwe a dongosolo ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mathamangidwe kuwala (υ << m'ma = 3 × 10 ^8), kusintha pafupifupi kukhala noticeable, popeza adzatengera ziro. Komabe, ngati galimoto liwiro pafupi kuwala kumayendera (mwachitsanzo, Angafanane ndi-limodzi la magawo khumi), pamenepo zinthu monga kulemera, m'litali ndi nthawi ya kusintha ndondomeko. Ndi thandizo la mitunduyi otsatirawa akhoza kuwerengetsa mfundo izi mu chimango yoyamikira limanena, kuphatikizapo - misa ndi tinthu relativistic.

Kodi L _0, mamita ₀ ndipo T ₀ - kutalika kwa thupi, misa ndi ndondomeko m'dongosolo n'kupuma, ndi υ - liwiro chinthu.

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Einstein aliyense wa thupi sangathe kukwaniritsa liwiro lalikulu kuposa kuwala kumayendera.

mpumulo misa

Q relativistic tinthu mpumulo misa amapezeka ndicho chiphunzitso relativity, pamene thupi kapena particles anayamba kusintha malingana ndi liwiro. Choncho, onse misa wotchedwa thupi, amene uli mu nthawi ya muyeso pa mpumulo (pakalibe zoyenda), i.e. mathamangidwe ake ndi ziro.

Relativistic thupi ndi imodzi mwa magawo zazikulu za apaulendo.

ofananira mfundo

Pambuyo kuoneka chiphunzitso Einstein ndi zina kuunikanso ntchito kwa zaka zingapo zimango Newtonian, zimene sakanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito tikaonetsetsa mafelemu kutchulidwa, kusunthira pa liwiro mofanana ndi kuwala kumayendera. Choncho, onse anatenga kusintha maikwezhoni ntchito Lorentz kusintha zazikulu - kusintha thupi la ndondomeko kapena mfundo ndi nthawi pamene ndondomeko ya kusintha pakati pa machitidwe inertial pakuyenerera. Kufotokozera deta kusintha zochokera chakuti iliyonse chimango inertial malamulo onse a ntchito sayansi mofanana mofanana. Choncho, malamulo a chilengedwe si mwanjira iliyonse zimadalira kusankha dongosolo kutchulidwa.

Kuchokera Lorentz kusintha koyefishienti ndipo chimaoneka ndi zimango zofunika relativistic, monga tafotokozazi ndi dzina lake ndi kalata α.

Mfundo ofananira ndi osavuta - akunena kuti chiphunzitso chilichonse chatsopano Mulimonsemo makamaka makamaka adzakupatsani zotsatira zofanana monga m'mbuyomu. Mwachindunji, mu zimango relativistic izo zimaonekera chifukwa chakuti pa liwiro kuti asapatsiridwe kuposa kuwala kumayendera, malamulo okonzera chakale ntchito.

relativistic tinthu

Relativistic tinthu amatchedwa tinthu zokwawa pa liwiro mofanana ndi kuwala kumayendera. zoyenda awo anafotokozedwa ndi relativity wapadera. Pali ngakhale gulu la particles amene alipo zimatheka pamene galimoto pa liwiro la kuwala - awa akutchedwa particles popanda misa kapena monga massless, kuyambira ena misa ndi ziro, choncho ndi particles wapadera amene alibe mungachite chilichonse ofanana mu sanali relativistic, zimango chakale .

Ndiko kuti, misa ndi tinthu relativistic a mpumulo kungakhale ziro.

Tinthu angatchedwe relativistic ngati mphamvu yake kayendedwe akhoza kukhala wofanana ndi mphamvu yomwe chimaoneka ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi.

chilinganizo Kudziwa mkhalidwe wa liwiro chofunika.

Mphamvu particles akhoza kukhala kuposa mphamvu zake zina - zimenezi zimatchedwa ultrarelativistic.

Kufotokoza kayendedwe ka particles amatigwiritsa ntchito mu zimango kwadzidzidzi ndi kwadzidzidzi zambiri chiphunzitso kumunda ofotokoza ochulukirapo.

maonekedwe

particles amenewa (relativistic ndi kopitilira muyeso-relativistic) kulibe mu mawonekedwe a chirengedwe okha cheza dziko, kuti ndi poizoni gwero umene uli kunja chilengedwe dziko lapansi mu atomu. Man, zilengedwa chongopeka mu accelerators wapadera - iwo ntchito monga mitundu angapo a particles apezeka ndi mndandanda nthawi zonse zatsopano. Chotero pokhazikitsa ali, mwachitsanzo, Large Hadron Collider umene uli Switzerland.

Akutulukira ndi ma elekitironi β-kuwola Mwina nthawi zina kufika liwiro okwanira kuti asankhe nawo kalasi ya relativistic. Relativistic elekitironi misa akhoza kupezeka pa mitunduyi izi.

Lingaliro la misa

Kulemera Newtonian zimango ali katundu angapo kumangako:

• The kukopa yokoka ya matupi ukapezeka chifukwa cha kulemera, ndiko kuti, mwachindunji ukudalira pa izo.
• Thupi sikudalira kusankha dongosolo Buku ndipo sasintha pamene kusintha kwake.
• inertia thupi ndi kuwayeza kulemera kwake.
• Ngati thupi kusungidwa mu dongosolo limene palibe njira sanalembedwepo ndi amene ali otsekedwa, misa adzakhala pafupifupi palibe kusintha (kupatula kulanda mayamwidwe imene zolimba wosakwiya kwambiri).
• Gulu misa imakhala ya unyinji wa ziwalo payekha.

Mfundo relativity

• Mfundo Galileo wa relativity.

Mfundo imeneyi anakonza kuti zimango sanali relativistic, ndipo anafotokoza motere: kaya dongosolo ndi pa mpumulo, kapena kupanga kusuntha kulikonse, njira zonse iwo chitani chimodzimodzi.

• Mfundo Einstein wa relativity.

Mfundo imeneyi ndi mfundo ziwiri:

1. Galileya relativity mfundo ntchito mu nkhani iyi. Ndiko kuti, aliyense ndi mwamtheradi malamulo onse a chikhalidwe ntchito njira yomweyo.
2. Kuwala kumayendera nthawi zonse ndipo mwamtheradi mu mafelemu onse Buku ndi zomwezo, mosaganizira liwiro kayendedwe ka kuwala gwero ndi chophimba (kuwala wolandila). Pofuna kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, zingapo zatsopano, zomwe kwathunthu anatsimikizira Chapafupi koyamba.

Unyinji mu zimango relativistic ndi Newtonian

• Mosiyana ndi zimango Newtonian, mu relativistic misa chiphunzitso sangakhale muyeso wa zochuluka. Ndipo ndithu misa relativistic anatsimikiza ndi njira ochulukirapo, kusiya n'zotheka kufotokoza Mwachitsanzo, kuli particles popanda misa. Mu zimango relativistic poganizira mphamvu koposa misa - kuti ndi determinant chachikulu cha thupi kapena pulayimale tinthu, ndi mphamvu zake patsogolo. Apa zimatheka kupeza mfundo zotsatirazi.

• Komabe, misa zina tinthu ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri - phindu lake ndi laling'ono kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha kusokonekera, choncho ali oyenera miyezo molondola pazipita ndi liwiro. Mphamvu tinthu zina angapezeke ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi.

• Mofananamo Newton ziphunzitso dongosolo akutali kulemera ndi zonse i.e., sasintha nthawi. Komanso sizisintha ndi kusintha kwa NKHA wina ndi mzake.
• Palibe mwamtheradi muyeso wa inertia wa thupi ikuyenda.
• Unyinji relativistic za thupi kusuntha ndi sanalemberetu ndi chikoka cha mphamvu yokoka pa izo.
• Ngati thupi ndi wofanana ndi ziro, izo adzayenera kuyenda pa liwiro la kuwala. N'zosiyana si zoona - kuwala kumayendera angafikire osati particles massless.
• Mphamvu zonse za particles relativistic n'zotheka ntchito mawu otsatirawa:

Chikhalidwe cha misa

Mpaka posachedwapa, sayansi ankaganiza kuti unyinji wa tinthu aliyense amayamba ndi chikhalidwe atomu, koma pano iwo zinadziwika kuti m'njira imeneyi n'zotheka kufotokoza mbali yaing'ono chabe ya izo - ndi chopereka chachikulu amachokera ku chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana ndi amphamvu, akuwuka kuchokera gluons lapansi. Komabe, njira imeneyi simungathe kuzifotokoza ndi unyinji wa particles dazeni, chikhalidwe cha omwe silinakwaniritsidwe elucidated.

Relativistic misa kuwonjezeka

The chifukwa cha theorems onse ndi malamulo tafotokozazi tingasonyezere bwino kokwanira, ndi ndondomeko chodabwitsa. Ngati thupi limodzi ikuyenda wachibale wina ndi mzake ndi liwiro aliwonse, magawo ake ndi matupi mkati, ngati thupi choyambirira ndi kusintha dongosolo. Kumene, pa liwiro otsika izo pafupifupi kukhala noticeable, koma zotsatira zake adakali pano.

Munthu angathe tchulani losavuta chitsanzo - vesi ina nthawi yogwedeza pa 60 Km / h sitima. Ndiye chilinganizo zotsatirazi kuchita masamu koyefishienti wa kusuntha magawo.

chilinganizo iri tafotokozazi. M'malo deta onse mmenemo (pamene m'ma ≈ 1 x 10 ⁹ Km / h) ndi zotsatira izi:

Mwachionekere, kusintha ndi yaing'ono kwambiri ndipo sasintha ntchito ya maola kuti unali kuoneka.