Phunziroli: mitundu ya dothi. makhalidwe a dothi

Ambiri anazolowera kuona njira umakhala yomwe limaoneka pompano. Komabe, chikhalidwe zaka mamilioni chinkhoswe mu mapangidwe ake. Poyamba, pamwamba anali thanthwe. Patapita nthawi, iye chinaperekedwa ku kukokoloka, chikoka cha mvula ndi mchere. Zotsalira za zomera woyamba ndi wotsatira alemere nthaka ndi humus. Kudzera metamorphosis izi topsheet kuchuluka, kukhala bwino kapangidwe dongosolo. Malinga ndi zifukwa miyala, makhalidwe makina ndi mankhwala zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse. Nthaka - nthaka, zosiyanasiyana za miyala, zopangidwa nyumba. Zonsezi kwa nthawi yaitali akhala oboktom zomangamanga ndi zochita za anthu.

Gawo

Pali mitundu yambiri yaikulu ya dothi. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga:

• Monolithic thanthwe ndi theka okhwima ndi mfundo structural.
• Omwazika payokha-grained popanda amphamvu structural kujowina. Kulumikizitsidwa - dongo, incoherent - coarse.

Zona phunziroli pomanga zapansi za nyumba, nyumba zomangamanga, komanso mu ❖ kuyanika misewu, embankments ndi madamu. Loyenereradi kwa chilengedwe cha njira mobisa ngalande, malo ndi ena. Nthaka sayansi - sayansi gawo lofufuza amene ali nthaka ndi.

Mitundu ya dothi ndi katundu

Kumanga maziko odalirika muyenera kuganizira khalidwe thupi la dothi, limene lili pansi. Mfundo zofunika zikuphatikizapo tebulo dothi. Asanayambe ntchitoyo akuyendera lapansi kukana mawerengedwe. Potaya woyenerera ake luso tiyenera kukambirana za zinthu monga:

1. The homogeneity wa zikuchokera.
2. M'nkhani ayenera kumwedwa ndi a koyefishienti wa mikangano misa mbali nthaka pamodzi.
3. The pazipita angapo mayamwidwe madzi, komanso choyambirira cha kwake.
4. Luso la nthaka kusunga odzipereka madzi iwo, ngakhale achitapo Jaji ake.
5. Erodibility ndi madzi solubility, compressibility, razryhlyaemost, ductility ndi makhalidwe.
6. Lumikiza, ndi mawonekedwe ndi tinthu kukula. Pankhaniyi amatanthauza mphamvu ya kumangidwa, amene ali pansi.

Mitundu nthaka m'magulu awiri yotakata, amene ali osiyana mu dongosolo, thupi katundu ndi njira chitukuko. Limanenanso magulu wapakatikati miyala miyala yosweka. Iwo zigwirizana unconnected kapena kugwiritsa miyala chinadetsedwa. Otsiriza akutchedwa conglomerates.

kapangidwe lotayirira

gulu tichipeza mitundu nthaka mchenga, amene uphwetsa Musataye buku awo. Mu mawonekedwe woyera, pafupifupi negligible mgwirizano particles. Komanso talemba muno ndi dongo. Ndi angathe kuwonjezera mphamvu zake pamene mvula ndipo malingana ndi chinyezi angakhale ndi kugwirizana bwino. Sands alibe plasticity. Pambuyo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndiye kuti wothinikizidwa yomweyo, koma musakhale nawo mawonekedwe choperekedwa. Koma dongo mosavuta amenable kuti kusinthidwa. Iye ali mchikakamizo cha mphamvu kunja m'malo pang'onopang'ono, koma mwamphamvu wothinikizidwa.

kapangidwe thanthwe

Iwo umalimbikitsidwa ndi welded pakati pa thanthwe. Kunja, nyumba awa akuimira khamu mosalekeza kapena wosanjikiza fissured. Ladzala ndi madzi, amasonyeza kuti amaposa mphamvu compressive. nyumba Awa mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi ndi razmyagchimy. Iwo ali chiliri ngati maziko maziko chifukwa durability ake, kukana kuti psinjika ndi chisanu. Ubwino undoubted nyumba izi n'chakuti palibe kutsegula zina ndi kukulitsa iwo.

Conglomerates ndi neskalnye kapangidwe

Zambiri za izi ndi neskreplonnye crystalline ndi coarse nyanja miyala. nyumba izi amatha kupirira yomanga apansi angapo. Pa malo awa anagwira tsamba Mzere maziko, kuya lake osachepera theka mita. Pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia zambiri zosiyanasiyana nyumba thanthwe osiyanasiyana thupi katundu.

kapangidwe lotayirira

Kuyenera ananena kuti nthaka-mchenga imatengedwa kuti ndi dongosolo zofala. Kodi gulu? The zikuchokera osakaniza particulate zikuphatikizapo kwambiri wa khwatsi mbewu ndi zipangizo zina zomwe anaonekera chifukwa weathering a miyala ndi tinthu kukula ochepa. nyumba izi anawagawira mu subgroups angapo. Izi, makamaka, gravelly, sing'anga ambiri, fumbi miyala. nyumba zonsezi mosavuta pansi chitukuko, amapatsa vodopropuskaemostyu opanikizika bwino losindikizidwa. Pamene atagona mchenga wogawana pa kachulukidwe ndi buku akhoza kuyika maziko abwino chitukuko zina. Ntchito pazipita tingachidziwe zidzachitika kukachitika kuti mlingo uli pamwamba kwa pansi kuzizira. Zonsezi zimadalira maonekedwe a dera, imene yomanga. Psinjika mchenga kumachitika mu nthawi yochepa, motero precipitate dongosolo ngati sikutanthauza kwambiri za nthawi. tinthu kukula kwake ndi mwachindunji njila kwa luso kupirira katundu. The tinthu kukula kwa fumbi mchenga zimasiyanasiyana 0,005 kuti 0,05 mm. Izo sizidzakhala maziko abwino kumanga uzigwirizana ndi oipa ndi katundu mkulu. nthaka Sandy amatha kumira kuthamanga. Komanso, pafupi chiyani amaundana ndiponso yosavuta pochitika madzi. Ngati maziko ali zochokera maziko zimenezi, ayenera kuikidwa pa akuya osati choposa 70 cm, koma palibe masentimita zosakwana makumi anayi.

Kapangidwe pulasitiki. subcategory

makhalidwe pulasitiki wa dothi kulola ndikuzigawa m'magulu angapo. Taganizirani akuluakulu. Khalidwe dongosolo, zili amene ali 5-10% dongo, wotchedwa loam. Ena mwa iwo pa dilution ndi madzi kukhala flowable ofanana ndi madzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, phunziroli amatchedwanso floaters. nyumba amenewa ali oyenera zapansi maziko a. Loam mu kapangidwe kake ndi 10 30% dongo. Iwo anabwera mu kuwala, sing'anga ndi katundu. zolozerazi kupereka malo amenewa wapakatikati pakati pa dongo nthaka ndi mchenga.

Natural chuma cha maziko

Maonekedwe nthaka ndi zofunika kwambiri pomanga nyumba. Siyense thanthwe mukhoza kumanga nyumba. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo granular, dongo ali compressibility mkulu. Mu nkhani iyi, imangolongeza ndondomeko compaction wosakwiya ndithu. Motero, nyumba sludge pansi kuti patenga nthawi. Tikaphatikiza nthaka zigawo - thanthwe ndi kapangidwe granular - mulibe kukana kuti liquefaction. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo ndi otsika katundu zimakhudza mphamvu. The phunziroli zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo particles miniti, amene kukula si upambana 0.005 mm. Mu dongosolo ili mulinso pang'ono particles lotayirira. Clay ndi mosavuta amenable kuti psinjika ndi blur. Tikaumbike zaka, nyumba imeneyi lidzakhala monga m'munsi kwambiri chifukwa kuyala maziko a nyumbayo. Komabe, pali zingapo zosungitsa, chifukwa mu mkhalidwe chikhalidwe kovuta kupeza dongo louma.

Small zimasokoneza dongosolo amalimbikitsa mapangidwe mmene capillary. Zimadzetsa kuonongeka kwa nthawi zonse dongo lonyowa. Koma kupanda mtundu uwu dongosolo si mu chinyezi wokhutira ake, ndipo heterogeneity. Iye alibe pochitika madzi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi ndi anagawira kudzera Mankhwala oipitsa zosiyanasiyana pansi. Pa otsika kutentha, dongo akuyamba amaundana kunyumbayi, imbaenda kutupa ake. Zimenezi kulera maziko. Chinyezi dongo m'goli. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti adzauka pa malo aliwonse- mosiyana. Zonsezi kumabweretsa kuwonongedwa kwa nyumbayi. M'madera ena, wamphamvu ena pang'ono, koma pamwamba lonse pa m'munsi amakhudza nthaka. Mitundu dothi, malingana ndi katundu amene amakhudza maziko m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

kapangidwe macroporous

Izi ndi gulu lapadera, limene anapanga ndi dothi ku dothi. Dzina la macroporous analandira zikomo kwa mipata yaikulu pakati pa particles. Pores akalipo mpaka apoyera. Mukamakambirana mukhoza kuona kuti iwo ndi apamwamba kuposa mafupa nthaka. Kapangidwe Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu loess. zikuchokera awo alipo oposa 50% ya fumbi. nyumba izi zili ponseponse kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi Far East. Mchikakamizo cha chinyezi mtundu ngati zilowerere ndi wotaya bata. Ngati siteji koyamba za dothi clayey anapanga chifukwa structural mpweya mu madzi, omwe anali nawo njira microbiological, umatchedwa sludge. Iwo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu malo m'madambo ndi chinyontho ndi peat m'deralo. Ngati maziko ali ikumangidwa ku dera limene Mwina pamaso pa loess ndi dothi silty, m'pofunika njira zofunika kulimbikitsa yomanga.

Khama la kugwirizana m'deralo

Kapangidwe ka dothi dongo anatsimikiza ndi chitukuko cha fosholo zowoneka. Mwachitsanzo, chida cha adzaphatikana osakaniza pulasitiki. mosiyana yekha idzagwira nthaka zovuta. Mitundu ya dothi atsimikiziridwa pakubwezeretsa iwo mu chingwe kapena akusisita manja ake. Choncho n'zotheka kuti aone plasticity awo. Clay dothi usachite bwino, amaona ndi pathupi kuzizira. nyumba Awa ndi ena mwa kwambiri wovuta ndi kusalabadira za ntchito yomanga maziko. Pamaziko a m'madera amenewo ayenera kuwonjezekeredwa pakuya wodzala chisanu malowedwe. Kafukufuku nthaka pa malo zikuchokera imagwiridwa ndi kuthirira. Kukonza kutengedwa madzi pamwamba. Ngati mayamwidwe amapezeka masekondi, dongosolo la miyala kapena mchenga. Ndithu mofulumira amatenga madzi ndi yonyowa peaty zimasokoneza. Koma pamwamba pa madzi dongo dothi nditamva.

Kenako lembani ochepa ena wosanjikiza youma ndi Finyani m'dzanja lako. Ngati kapangidwe ndi wosweka mu mbewu kapena zinawukhira mwa zala zake, ndi miyala kapena mchenga thanthwe. Clay mosavuta amenable kuti psinjika ndipo amachita mawonekedwe chotupa. Ine ndikumverera kuti poterera ndithu. Ngati dothi zikuwoneka kukhala sopo, silky osati kwambiri wothinikizidwa, ndiye zambiri, ndi matope kapena loam. Kapangidwe Peaty ofanana chinkhupule.

Kodi kudziwa kapangidwe wa kunyumba?

Full supuni ya nthaka aikidwa mu kapu ya madzi oyera. M'pofunika kusakaniza ndi kusiya. Patapita maola angapo inu mukhoza kuwona chifukwa. Ngati pansi pa matope magawo, ndi madzi wokha zimakhalanso zoyera, ndiye inu kuwonjezera loamy nthaka. Mchenga, miyala pansi ndi madzi bwino - ndi dongosolo lina. Ambiri mwina, ndi thanthwe. Makamaka, zingakhale mchenga kapena miyala nthaka. madzi Grayish ndi yochitidwa specks otchulidwa kwa kapangidwe laimu. Peaty nthaka adzapanga madzi mitambo. Padziko, pa nthawi imodzi tiwolokere zidutswa woonda ndi kuunika chitayiko yaing'ono zikuoneka pansi. Ngati dothi madzi ndi matope, kumakhaladi mitambo. Choncho, woonda precipitate pansi.

mlingo pH

nthaka akhoza kugawidwa malingana mlingo wa acidity. Choncho, mwa mawu a dongosolo pH ali ofooka asidi, ndale kapena pang'ono zamchere. Pa mlingo otsiriza a acidity nthaka kuyambira 6.5 kuti 7,0. N'zosangalatsa zomera m'munda, kuphatikizapo masamba, kumawathandiza kukula kwambiri mofulumira ndi chitukuko. Acid phunziroli ali akalozera kuchokera 4.0 kuti 6.5, koma kuchokera 7,0 kuti 9,0 - ndi dongosolo zamchere. Kuwonjezera izi, pali mfundo muyeso wa sikelo ya - kuchokera 1 mpaka 14, koma iwo konse pafupifupi zimachitika mchitidwe horticulture European. Knowledge deta izi ndi zofunika kusankha olondola a zomera pa dziko. The acidity wa nthaka akhoza kuchepetsedwa chifukwa kuyanjana ndi dongosolo laimu. Kwezani pH thandizo organic conditioners. Komabe, ndondomeko yamasika ali ndi ndalama m'malo okwezeka. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nthaka zamchere acidophiles m'madera akhoza chakula muli ndi miphika ndizodzazidwa ndi dongosolo acidic.

kukula zomera

Posankha nthaka kubzala ayenera kuganizira zinthu monga:

• ukulu. Pali dothi maluwa, mbewu, komanso munda ndi mosalekeza. N'zotheka kugula peat. Izi zidalira pa cholinga chimene nthaka n'kofunika, kodi mbewu chikhalidwe kapena yokongola zambeu pa izo.
• Species. Ngati inu muti kukula anthu a m'gulu limodzi, ndiye kusankha bwino adzakhala pansi wapadera kwa iye. Koma ngati ochepa, azifika konsekonse.
• Mowa buku.

Ndi kusakaniza dothi zinali zambiri friable, ntchito vermiculite. Kuti mizu musati kuvunda kwa madzi patsogolo pansi pa wosanjikiza kubzala ngalande yaikidwa. Pakuti cacti ndi nambala ya zomera zina, nthaka wothira kapangidwe granular. Ngati ankafika chikuchitika m'madera mmphepete, zikuthandizani kuti kuwongolera kuwaika. Hydrogel bwino chinyezi ndi chipinda njira mpweya. Kuchepetsa pH ntchito makala. Iwo anawonjezera kuti dothi maluwa (mwachitsanzo maluwa) ndi zomera zina.

zosafunika zothandiza

Masamba nthaka kapangidwe, makamaka ntchito mu malo. Koma kuchuluka kwa nyumba ndi osiyanasiyana zosafunika "wothandiza" ndi onse kwambiri chifukwa cha kulolerana kwa mwala, dongo, ndi mbali zina. Kuchuluka kwa zofunika zosakaniza opindulitsa? Childs, nthaka yachonde ndi osakaniza 50% peat, 30% wakuda lapansi ndi 20% mchenga. Choncho, kumaphatikizapo okhutira mkulu wa mankhwala organic ndi mchere zinthu. Phunziroli chonde mkulu waterproofness ndi osiyana. Kapangidwe limapereka zakudya kwathunthu kwa mbewu, kaya siteji ya pa kukula kwawo.

Pa mabizinesi ulimi, minda ndi ziwembu patokha lachonde ntchito mwakhama. Amalimbanirana bwino ndi zolinga zomwe zimayikidwa mu ndondomeko ya kulima mbewu chikhalidwe. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti zimathandiza kusintha kapangidwe nthaka, kuonjezera zokolola. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, osakaniza amenewa sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zina fetereza.

Kodi kusintha kapangidwe nthaka?

Pakuti dothi osauka miyala ndi mchenga ntchito overrotten ndowe wosanganiza ndi udzu. Perekani mmalo equine kuposa ng'ombe. Iye kumathandiza kuti akuchedwa chinyezi ndi mchere zigawo mu dongosolo chomera mizu. Koma manyowa sangathe zidzawonjezedwa atsopano. Zolinga zofanana pabwalo kompositi angagwiritsidwe ntchito. A chisakanizo cha anawola kavalo manyowa, laimu ndi peat otchedwa bowa manyowa. Ngati mukufuna kuti akonze anachita pang'ono zamchere mu dothi ndale, osakaniza amenewa ali wangwiro. Leaf kuphimbira zomera kuti muyenera nthaka asidi, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa acidophiles madzi kukoma. Ndi mpweya, mulches ndi acidify nthaka. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuni tchipisi ndi utuchi. nthaka Peat ntchito makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa. Izo linawola msanga, koma lili pafupi palibe zakudya. M'nyengo yozizira mungagwiritse ntchito nthenga, amene ali olemera mu phosphorous. Komanso, iwo akuwonjezeka kumadera mukufuna chodzala mbatata. Kuonjezera permeability madzi ndi kapangidwe ka dothi dongo, ntchito akanadulidwa nkhuni. makungwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa kuphimbira, chifukwa cha maonekedwe ndi makhalidwe. Ndi zofunika kuti ntchito mpweya wofewetsa nthawi yomweyo kapena m'malo feteleza organic. Ziwembu za nthaka kuti pokhapokha anakonza kubzala, anakumba ndi wothira iwo kwa miyezi ingapo pamaso kubzala. Pakuti fetereza zomera kale anabzala alemere nthaka wosanjikiza kuphimbira ku zowongolera zipangizo organic ndi feteleza pa chiyambi ndi mapeto a nyengo.