Zinkakhalira Uranus: zikuchokera. ndi chikhalidwe cha Uranus chiyani?

Zithunzi anatengedwa ndi "Voyager 2" Kanema akadali mu 90s lakutali anationetsera zotsatira zodabwitsa. Bakuman Kamaoneka zinkakhalira Uranus - ndi zimene amapanga lapansi lino, kupatulapo kakang'ono thanthwe zitsulo pachimake. chakuti makolo athu amene ali atulukira mapulaneti kunja kwa dongosolo dzuwa, anakhutira kuti onse mofanana Earth, ali pamwamba, mpweya chivundikirocho ndi nthaka zigawo a. Mwamwayi, zimphona mpweya ndi mosatsata, popeza ali oimira awiri wosanjikiza chitsanzo cha mapulaneti.

History of chotulukira ndi deta ambiri za dziko

Kumbali ya mtunda kuchokera Sun, Uranus ndi chiwiri dziko. Iwo linatsegulidwa ndi Uilyam Gershel m'zaka 18 mochedwa, woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito makinawa oonerako zakuthambo. Izi zisanachitike nthawi yaitali, asayansi ankaganiza kuti Uranus ndi akumidzi yekha ndi yowala nyenyezi. Herschel yekha, natenga zolemba za thupi ili m'mwamba, poyamba poyerekeza ndi nyenyezi, kenako ndinayamba anazindikira kuti zimenezi wina dziko SS. Kumene, pambuyo chitsimikiziro cha zonse anapeza kuzipenya anali zotengeka. Komabe, panthawi imeneyo palibe akudziwa zimene zinkakhalira Uranus kwenikweni ndi zimene akumanga. Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti kanjira kake - mmodzi wa waukulu mu dongosolo. Sun akutembenukira pa dziko lapansi kwa zaka 84. Mu nthawi imeneyi kusintha ake kuzungulira nguli ndi pang'ono maola oposa 17. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe choterechi a Uranus, lomwe kale imakhala mpweya waukulu, amakhala amazipanga wandiweyani, ndi ochitachita amakakamizidwa pa pakati.

Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha maphunziro

Amakhulupirira kuti maonekedwe ndi thupi makhalidwe a Uranus chikoka ndi ngale ake, komanso ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ake. Poyerekeza ndi magawo a dziko (25 559 Km - kunyanja utali wozungulira), maziko a kakang'ono a. Choncho, si gwero la mphamvu kapena maginito, monga momwe zilili ndi Jupiter, ndi mwamphamvu zokwanira likamatenthetsa mpweya onse kupanga m'mlengalenga Uranus. kapangidwe kake, nayenso, sizingafanane ndi zikuchokera Jupiter kapena Saturn, koma onse a mayiko awa ali mbali ya gulu limodzi. Mfundo yakuti Uranus wazunguliridwa ndi mpweya ayezi, ayezi mu chapamwamba zosintha ake, mitambo ya methane ndi zinthu zina zolemera. Chotero mpweya wopepuka monga wa hydrogen ndi helium, alipo mu mlengalenga yekha zedi yaing'ono. Pali awiri Mabaibulo a chododometsa izi. Malinga ndi chikalata choyamba ndi mphamvu yokoka ya phata pa nthawi ya kupanga kukolopa ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kukopa mpweya wopepuka. The chachiwiri n'chakuti pa malo Uranus unakhazikitsidwa, panali lolemera zigawo mankhwala, omwe anakhala maziko a dziko.

Pamaso pa mlengalenga, kapangidwe kake

Ureniamu anali woyamba kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane pokhapokha oyendayenda "Voyager 2", amene anapanga zithunzi ndi kusamvana apamwamba. Kulola asayansi kudziwa dongosolo lenileni la dziko ndi mpweya wake. Ndiko kunena kuti, mpweya chigoba cha Uranus lagawidwa zigawo zitatu:

• The troposphere ndi kuya. Kuthamanga pano ali mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 100 mpaka 0.1 bala, ndi kutalika kwa wosanjikiza ichi ndi zosakwana 500 Km from ochiritsira mlingo chofunda.
• The stratosphere - m'mlengalenga wosanjikiza ili pakati. Iwo ali ndi kutalika kwa 50 4000 Km.
• Exosphere. Uranus akunja m'mlengalenga, mmene kuthamanga amamuchititsa ziro ndi munthu pazipita mpweya kutentha ndi otsika.

Mu onse a zigawo zimenezi ziri mu magawo osiyana mipweya zotsatirazi: helium, wa hydrogen, methane, ammonia. Komanso, pali madzi mu mawonekedwe a zosintha zosiyanasiyana ayezi ndi nthunzi. Komabe, zinkakhalira Uranus, zikuchokera amene angafanane ndi chipolopolo mpweya wa Jupiter losiyana kuzizira kwambiri. Ngati waukulu mpweya chimphona mpweya misa usavutike pazipita, ndiye iwo utakhazikika pansi kwa madigiri 50 Kelvin, choncho ndi kulemera kwakukulu.

troposphere

Wosanjikiza kuya kwa mlengalenga tsopano theoretically yekha cholinga choti amam'fika earthlings zida si kutero. Stone maziko a dziko wazunguliridwa ndi mitambo wapangidwa ndi timibulu ayezi. Iwo ali olemera ndi khama mavuto aakulu pa likulu la dzikoli. Pamakhala mtambo wa hydrosulfide ammonium, ndiye - mapangidwe mpweya sulphide hydrogen ndi ammonia. Mbali yakumapeto kwenikweni, polumikizirana wa troposphere kutenga dziko mitambo kuti kulocha dziko mofanana mtundu wobiriwira. Kutentha mpweya troposphere ndi imatengedwa apamwamba mu dziko. Iwo ranges 200 K. Chifukwa cha ichi, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti chovala cha yaikulu mitundu ayezi wosanjikiza pulanetiyo. Koma ichi ndi kungoganizira.

stratosphere

Kapezekedwe Uranus Atmospheric kupereka mankhwala mpweya kwambiri, ndi kuunika, ndi kaphatikizidwe dziko banga lawo Kamaoneka kulocha. Zonsezi zimachititsa chichitike mu mpweya kusiyana chapakati, pamene pali tinthu la ammonia ndi methane mu helium ndi wa hydrogen. Ice timibulu ndiye kutenga kusinthidwa yosiyana kuposa troposphere, iwo ndi chifukwa amoniya, kuyamwa kuwala kulikonse akubwera kuchokera mlenga lenga. Mphepo liwiro mu stratosphere mpaka 100 m / gawo, kotero kuti mitambo onse mofulumira kusintha malo awo danga. Mu stratosphere ndi zimachitika auroras kawirikawiri anapanga chifunga. Koma ngati mpweya monga matalala kapena mvula, si anati.

exosphere

Poyamba, zimene zinkakhalira Uranus, ndi kuweruzidwa pa chipolopolo ake akunja. Izi Mzere woonda wa madzi a crystallization, umene unakuta mphepo ndi mafunde amphamvu ndi likulu la kutentha wotsikitsitsa mu dongosolo la zowalitsa. Amakhala mpweya kuwala (maselo hydrogen ndi helium), ndi methane, amene ali ndi ndalama mu zigawo lolemererapo ndi kwina. Mphepo liwiro mu exosphere ukufika 200 m / s, kutentha ikagwa 49 C. N'chifukwa chake dziko Uranus, amene m'mlengalenga monga ayezi anakhala ozizira kwambiri dongosolo lathu, pamene poyerekeza ndi anansi ake akutali - Neptune.

Mwambi maginito Uranus

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti wobiriwira Uranus amanena nguli, atagona pa mbali yake. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti panthawi ya SS dziko anakumana ndi asteroid kapena malo thupi zina zimene zasintha malo ake, motero kupotoza maginito. Kuchoka olamulira kuti amasonyeza kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko wachibale equator, olamulira maginito ali ankatembenukira ndi madigiri 59. Izi amalenga, mu malo oyamba, yogawa m'goli yokoka, ndipo kachiwiri - maganizo wosiyana mu hemispheres kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, ndi malo ichi zipangitsa kuti mpweya Uranus ndi zikuchokera yake yapadera. Mozungulira phata anangokhala mpweya katundu yekha mu zigawo pakati - madzi wotsimikiza. Mwina ngati nyengo inali apamwamba pano, Uranus adzakhala nyanja yaikulu wapangidwa ndi madzi wamba, ndilo gwero la moyo.

Uranus zimatenga zonse ndi aliyense pozungulira

Monga tidanena pamwamba, m'mlengalenga Uranian ladzala ndi ndalama yaikulu dziko. gasi Ichi ndi katundu wokwanira, chifukwa amatha kungolandira cheza infuraredi. Ndiko kuti, kuwala onse amene adza kwa Sun, nyenyezi zina ndi maiko, kunena za chikhalidwe cha Uranus, inasanduka hue Kamaoneka. Posachedwapa, asayansi aona kuti dziko komanso ingests mpweya yachilendo imene zimapezeka malo lotseguka, ndi zake zodabwitsa kuti munda ofooka maginito. Monga mbali ya zigawo pakati pa mlengalenga ndi mpweya anali wapezeka mpweya monoxide mpweya. Akukhulupirira kuti anakopeka dziko ku kudutsa ndi nyenyezi.

Ice ufumu wa dongosolo wathu

The awiri mapulaneti yakumapeto kwenikweni, polumikizirana SS - izo Uranus ndi Neptune. Onse khalidwe bluish mithunzi, onse anapanga ku mipweya. Zinkakhalira Uranus ndi Neptune - ndi pafupi zofanana, kupatulapo makulidwe. Mphamvu yokoka ndi unyinji wa mtima kwa mapulaneti onse ndi pafupi zofanana. M'munsi zigawo za m'mlengalenga Neptune monga Uranus anapanga wa madzi analimbikitsa, wothira methane ndi sulfide wa hydrogen. Pano, pafupi ndi pakati, zimphona ayezi ndi usavutike oposa 200 Kelvin, potero kupanga ake maginito. Mpweya Uranus ndi Neptune ali yemweyo chiwerengero maselo a hydrogen mu kapangidwe kake - 80 peresenti. Lakunja wosanjikiza mpweya Neptune komanso yodziwika ndi mkuntho, koma kutentha kumeneko pang'ono apamwamba - 60 K.

Pomaliza

Pamaso pa mlengalenga Uranus, mfundo zipangitsa kuti kuli dziko. chipolopolo mlengalenga ndi mbali yaikulu ya ureniamu. Ndi kwambiri kutenthetsa pafupi phata, koma pazipita yozizira pansi kwa zigawo kwambiri. Ngakhale dziko lilibe moyo chifukwa chosowa mpweya ndi madzi mu madzi mawonekedwe. Koma muno ofufuza, ngati pakati kutentha anayamba kukwera, ndi timibulu ayezi kuwasandutsa nyanja yaikulu, amene akanatha anayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya moyo.