Soviet makompyuta: makhalidwe mtundu. kompyuta kunyumba

Soviet Union zidachoka njira zovuta kwa chilengedwe cha chubu loyamba kompyuta wolemera ndi wosakwiya yopanga - liwilo, zochokera madera Integrated. kompyuta Soviet unagwiritsabe, ndipo iwo sakanakhoza ntchito akatswiri mu minda zosiyanasiyana mafakitale sayansi, osati mapulogalamu. Kufunika yabwino, zotsika mtengo komanso yaying'ono makompyuta anatuluka m'ma makumi asanu ndi awiri a atumwi wotsiriza. Zimafunika iwo ndi makampani nkhondo, ndi m'madera ena ambiri a chuma cha dziko.

Yaying'ono-kompyuta "Electronics"

kompyuta Soviet anali akapolo anzawo akale. Iwo anayamba makompyuta zambiri mu zaka zao za sikisite, ndi magalimoto yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mwachilungamo yaying'ono mu mndandanda "World". Iwo anali makamaka ntchito kuwerengetsera zomangamanga. Pofika m'ma makumi asanu ndi awiri, panali microprocessors, ndipo n'zotheka kuyamba kupanga "Elektronika NC" ndi "Electronics C5" - chilengedwe yaying'ono-kompyuta. Ali m'njira zambiri pafupi ndi kompyuta munthu, koma choyamba makompyuta Soviet anali yekha ntchito kupanga - ndi ulamuliro wawo thandizo ndondomeko, zida ndi zina zotero.

Chakumapeto kwa makumi asanu ndi awiri shestnadtsatibitnyh makompyuta kumasulidwa kompyuta anayamba pamlingo mafakitale - mokwanira amphamvu ndi yaying'ono. Ndi zitsanzo monga "Electronics T3-29" ndi "Iskra 1256", anaikira usilikali, komanso zitsanzo chosavuta - "Kuthetheka 226", "Electronics RS 28" ndi ena. Mu Mipingo oyambirira shestnadtsatibitnyh zochokera umodzi bolodi microcomputer ndi malo muyezo opangidwa analogs zokambirana kompyuta machitidwe - DCK.

Mid-eightieth

Mu USSR akuyamba kuŵeta makompyuta ambiri-cholinga monga EU-1840, "Electronics 85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "sibu", "Microsha". Computer likufa chitukuko mofulumira mu dziko lathu, ndi ndondomeko imeneyi mpaka Soviet Union chinatha. Ndi nineties oyambirira, opangidwa ambiri a zanyengo.

kompyuta Soviet anali zosiyanasiyana makalasi ndi mapangidwe kuphatikizapo IBM-n'zogwirizana ndi wopanda analogues aliyense mwa ma PC onse Soviet komanso akunja. Mwachitsanzo, "Corvette" - kompyuta kwathunthu wapadera ndi "Lions PC-01", "vekitala-06C" ndi ena. Kuyambira pamenepo, kanthawi mbiri ya zoweta nyumba kompyuta panali zinthu zina zofunika, amene ndi bwino kulankhula mu dongosolo.

Kiev

Tayang'anani pa m'mbuyomu. 1948 TH, Feofania malo, Suli kutali ndi likulu la SSR Chiyukireniya, ndi zasayansi chinsinsi, kumene wamaliza SERGEY Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Director wa Institute of Magetsi ndi mutu wa zasayansi wa Institute of Computer Engineering ndi cholondola Zimango wa Academy of Sciences ya Ukraine. Izo apo pakadali analenga yaing'ono pakompyuta kompyuta makina (SECM). Iwo Lebedev akufuna, wolungamitsidwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa - kaya Neumann - zoyamba za ntchito kompyuta kusungidwa mu kukumbukira.

Choyamba adalenga makina anali kukumbukira, mayunitsi masamu, komanso zipangizo athandizira, linanena bungwe kulamulira. Anakhoza encode ndi mapulogalamu sitolo mu kukumbukira, ngati manambala. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo bayinare kuti encode malamulo ndi manambala, ndipo basi amachita kuwerengetsera lapansi. Iwo panafika ndi masamu ndi mfundo mapulogalamu. Iye anali kumanga yosungirako m'njira masanjidwe. Zinali zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito njira n'zosangalatsa kumva kuti litsatira mawerengedwe. Kamangidwe, unsembe ndi debugging tapangidwa mu zaka ziwiri, gulu la anthu khumi - amaphunzitsidwa asanu ndi ofufuza khumi. zitsanzo The inachitika mu November 1950, ndipo mu 1951 anayamba ntchito zonse. Iwo anayamba ngati kompyuta Soviet.

zambiri Kiev

1965 - chaka cha chilengedwe ndi makina a kuwerengetsera zomangamanga Computer "WORLD", ndi kutukula amene anali ofufuza ku Institute Kiev wa Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa makina akhala akuyendera pa mikrokomandnom mlingo chinenero mapulogalamu - Almir 65. kompyuta anali wokhoza kuti apange zaka zikwi ntchito pa chachiwiri, athandizira ndi deta linanena bungwe ntchito makina olembera magetsi kasungidwe kukumbukira pa mitima ferrite ndi kunja - pa tepi anakhomerera.

Mu 1969 iye anayamba kutulutsa makompyuta "Mir-2", kukhala mu malo amodzi mu Kiev. Kunapezeka chitsanzo akweza, izo opareshoni nthawi zoposa khumi mofulumira kuposa m'mbuyomu. Izo zinali kuchuluka ndipo zonse, ndipo RAM. Tsopano makompyuta unali olumikizidwa kwa Kuwonjezera pa anakhomerera tepi ndi vekitala makina olembera likutipatsa anasonyeza ndi cholembera kuwala ndi makadi maginito. chinenero mapulogalamu anakhala katswiri wa - tinganene kuti "mdzukulu" Almir 65.

microprocessors

Mu 1974 anatulutsa woyamba Soviet microprocessors - zitsanzo yachigawo ndi ulamuliro fimuweya ndi gawo yachinai kapena asanu ndi manambala. Series K532, mwachitsanzo, anali yodziwika ndi mowa wochepa mphamvu, osiyanasiyana voltages okwanira ndi imathamanga ntchito kwa mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu zikwi pa mphindi.

A mndandanda K536 zimaonetsa mtengo wotsika wa sayansi, kotero si kwambiri mowa mphamvu, koma si choncho sanachedwe. Yachokera pa K532 zida yomweyo microcomputers hexadecimal anali chikalata ( "Elektronika NC"), ndipo K536 chinali chiyambi cha ulimi siriyo wa woyamba Soviet chilengedwe yaying'ono-kompyuta "Electronics C5" hexadecimal kwambiri.

basi-tayi

Icho chinali choyamba Soviet kompyuta! microprocessors yachigawo ankatengedwa zingamuthandize chifukwa zimawathandiza kulenga kompyuta ofotokoza za kuya aliyense pang'ono eyiti kwa makumi awiri. Pamene ichi anazindikira mwa aliyense fimuweya lamulo kasamalidwe dongosolo.

Koma kenako, ndi mapeto a Mipingo, ndi microelectronics mofulumira anayamba mphamvu zawo, ndi Soviet makampani kompyuta anali reoriented kuti analogues yachilendo kompyuta. Universal yachigawo mapurosesa akhala cholizira zitsanzo Chip umodzi. Komabe, kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito basi-tayi, makamaka makampani usilikali.

kompyuta Soviet

Mu 1977, maphunziro a eyiti pang'ono osakwatiwa-Chip microprocessor K580VM80A, amene anali analogue wathunthu chitsanzo lodziwika bwino Intel 8080. purosesa Izi si ntchito mainframe, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu ulamuliro wa yaying'ono-makompyuta, yaying'ono-opha, peripherals ndi njira muyeso - M'madera ambiri ntchito. Koma zinali zotsika mtengo komanso zosavuta, koma chifukwa palibe munthu owerenga Soviet magazini "Radio" ali anamanga maziko ake kompyuta kunyumba.

Magwiridwe anali mkulu, dongosolo akulamula konsekonse, choncho anakhala microprocessor mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mu USSR. Kuwonjezera pa kompyuta munthu, anayandikira ambiri zipangizo zina microprocessor, kotero mu theka lachiwiri la Mipingo ya atumwi wotsiriza, purosesa ili lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zana pafupifupi zitsanzo magalimoto Soviet - kompyutayi kunyumba, ndi maphunziro, osati chitsanzo akatswiri.

"Electronics 60"

hexadecimal yaying'ono-kompyuta mkulu-liwiro "Electronics 60" anabadwa mu 1978. Malinga ndi dongosolo lamulo "Electronics 60" anali yogwirizana ndi Dis PDP-11 / LSI 11 - makompyuta American. Magwiridwe - kuti ntchito miliyoni pa mphindi. makina amenewa ntchito kupanga, kulamulira njira, kutenga malo mu CNC ndi - Chofunika - yaitali ndi woonamtima ntchito mu sayansi ndi malonda a chitetezo.

Mu 1983, magazini ndi makope mamiliyoni a "Radio" linatulutsa zofufuzafufuza kompyuta chiwembu "yaying'ono 80" ndi purosesa K580IK80A, kuti linali chinthu choyamba mu yaikulu zofufuzafufuza wailesi chizolowezi microprocessor ndi kompyuta luso. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Soviet makompyuta anali kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi wolemba aliyense tepi kwa kasungidwe deta ndi mapulogalamu, ndi TV aliyense ntchito ngati polojekiti ndi.

chidwi Ndipotu

Ndi mothandizidwa ndi "Electronics 60" mu 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym onse masewera ankakonda "Tetris" linalembedwa. Unali kulonjezedwa pakati kompyuta ya Academy of Sciences wa USSR kulankhula kuzindikira ndi mavuto ena a nzeru yokumba, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu ntchito yawo chithunzi cha kuthamanga kwa lingaliro.

Kenako, masewero anali kachiwiri kulembera IBM PC chinenero Turbo Pascal mapulogalamu ndi kulipanga sikisitini Soviet sukulu - Vadim Gerasimov, amene tsopano amakhala ku Australia ndipo amagwira ntchito Google.

Yophunzira yoyamba Informatics

Mu Mipingo, anali kukulitsa anamasulidwa mtanda wa wophweka, kuti ofikika chilengedwe makompyuta ntchito kunyumba ndi sukulu. Zinali, ndithudi, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics" kumene chidule cha BK anasankha kompyuta. Pa nthawi imeneyo, sinali mu dziko makompyuta mu mapurosesa ndi hexadecimal.

Kodi wapadera za iwo? ASICs ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kaphatikizidwe - magulu chipata, amene anali ngati Mtsogoleri wa kangoloko, kiyibodi, kukumbukira ndi zina zambiri. Limagwiritsa ntchito chinenero interpretaror "mogwirizana". Anathandiza monochrome mkulu-kusamvana zithunzi ndi anayi mtundu. Awa ndi magalimoto woyamba zokuzira ndi kuphunzira sayansi kompyuta, ndi ana awo mpaka 1993 anali ngati banja chachikulu ndi makompyuta yophunzitsa Soviet Union.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk asukulu zaloŵerera pakati kompyuta wa ku Siberia Nthambi ya USSR Academy of Sciences, ndi chotenga mbali mwachindunji anaonekera dongosolo mapulogalamu sukulu, ndipo amatchedwa - "School Bakuman" chifukwa "sibu" kompyuta munthu. Iye anagwira ntchito ndi "Rapier" ndi "Robic" zilankhulo mapulogalamu, muli ndi mawonekedwe dongosolo "lupanga" ndipo zosiyanasiyana phukusi la mabuku ophunzitsira.

"Sibu" - pa brainchild cha 1984, ankaona woyamba misa limapanga kompyuta munthu, n'zogwirizana ndi Apple II + ndipo zikuimira kale lalikulu PC RAM mu mazana makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi atatu kilobyte abulusa floppy litayamba, ndi mtundu polojekiti, mitundu anasonyeza sikisitini. Zinali mu 1984, a plenum Committee chapakati anatengera kusamvana, kenako anayamba computerization a sukulu.

chaka okulira

Mu 1985, dziko lonse chosiyanasiyana osati kuswa, osati kukonzanso, ndipo iwo sukanakhoza koma kukhudza kompyuta dera. Ambiri wodziwika bwino chitsanzo makompyuta Soviet amenewa anayamba panthawi. Osauka kwambiri bwinobwino patsogolo shestnadtsatibitnye "Electronics", zitsanzo latsopano DVK n'zogwirizana ndi makompyuta IBM Soviet. Makamaka khalidwe la uyu trohprotsessornaya nthawi "Istra-4816" - mpaka megabytes anayi RAM, ndi thumba Chiwerengero Hexadecimal "Elektronika MK 85".

Koma sanaleke ntchito komanso pa PC, chifukwa cha umene maziko ndi yosavuta eyiti-bit mapurosesa. Choncho panali chitsanzo, "katswiri", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Makompyuta anali octet. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti si zabwino? No. Pakati pa asanu ndi chitsanzo zinali zodabwitsa basi, ngakhale kuti purosesa ndi pang'ono chakale. Mwachitsanzo, "Corvette" - kompyuta zabwino basi.

"Microsha" ndi ena

The kompyuta ya kwambiri zokongola ndi vociferous mwa magalimoto Soviet kunyumba munthu - ndi eyiti-bit "vekitala-06C". Kachiwiri, magazini "Radio" lofalitsidwa madera angapo a microcomputer "Radio 86RK" chaka cha 1986 ndipo chitsanzo ichi chinali mophweka kuti yomweyo zinatchuka kwambiri. Anaonekera analogs, ndi mitundu, amene anali angapo awa, amene alandira mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, "Microsha" - kompyuta ndi dzina wachikondi. "Radio 86RK" bwino pamodzi "yaying'ono 80", choncho zinaoneka.

Mmodzi wa PC chachikulu kuphunzira - "Corvette". Kompyuta anali zovuta, ndipo Mipikisano zinchito, ngakhale eyiti-bit. RAM ndi zazing'ono - kokha 257 KB, koma nthawi imeneyo zinali chithunzi zokongola. Komanso, mtundu zithunzi ndi chikalata mkulu zokwanira - mfundo 512h256, hardware mathamangitsidwe, video Mtsogoleri malemba, jenereta phokoso - IBM PC analogi, LAN, mbewa, joystick, chosindikizira, litayamba galimoto - ichi ndi zambiri poyambirira envisaged. Mofanana wabwino wa zofufuzafufuza "Orion 128", komanso eyiti analenga pafupi Moscow wailesi zofufuzafufuza Vyacheslav Safronov ndi anzake. Mu 1990, iwo lofalitsidwa chitukuko cha "Radio" magazini.

Yoweyula lomaliza

Mipingo Mid zinali zodzaza ndi kuwuka ulemu waukulu zoweta nyumba computer, panali chiwerengero chachikulu cha malingaliro wokongola pachiyambi. Zinaoneka - yojambula! Koma apo icho chinali. Gorbachev a Soviet Union ndi rapprochement ya chuma cha padziko lonse sanadutsitse dziko la chitukuko. The chododometsa - zosiyana chinachitika. M'banja kompyuta ndi zamagetsi makampani wataya zikayenda ake onse pang'onopang'ono.

Panali kosangalatsa akuluakulu nkhaniyo kale ndi lothandiza zitsanzo yosavuta - sipekitiramu-n'zogwirizana. Komabe, chitsanzo losavuta yogwirizana ndi IBM, ndi kubala. Koma mwangwiro chitukuko Soviet anasiya zonse ndi 1992. opanga onse kugwiritsa limodzi muyezo lonse - apereke yekha IBM-n'zogwirizana makompyuta.

anapezazo

Pa hardware zoweta anaganiza kulankhula zoipa masiku ano. Only za zoipa za sosholisimu ndi chuma anakonza, umene ife "anasiya kalekale", koma zoti Kumadzulo, luso wakhala bwino, koma Russian - Krivorukov ndi makompyuta sangachite.

Komabe, kwenikweni onse a pamwamba makompyuta chizindikiro Soviet si anali zikuchitika kwambiri. Iwo basi zinali ponseponse. Ndipotu zamagetsi mu USSR anayamba ndithu pa mlingo lonse ndiponso m'njira zambiri patsogolo malonda chomwecho Kumadzulo, kodi umboni asilikali ndi danga mapulogalamu athu.