Vuto kuti chigamulo cha chuma. Mitunduyi kwa chuma kukumana ndi mavuto

Lero tiona kuti athetse mavuto osiyanasiyana mu zachuma ku mafakitale osiyana. Mabukuwa akhala akugwira kwa anthu amene angoyamba kumene kuphunzira zachuma (ndipo ngakhale anthu kungofuna izo), ndi anthu amene kale kudziwa mmene angathetsere mavutowo ndi kuchita bwino. Ndipotu, maphunziro si kwambiri, ndi kubwerezabwereza - mayi kuphunzira. Koma pamaso kuonetsa mmene angathetsere ichi kapena vuto limene mu zachuma, adzatiuza mmene onse anayamba.

nkhani

Pali sayansi lonse, wotchedwa "Economic mbiri". Ikufotokoza mmene asapita zachuma pakati pa anthu asintha pa nthawi ndi mmene sayansi adakhala zimene ife tikuziwona izo tsopano. Ngati inu mukuganiza chiyani za izo, izo zimaonekera kuti sayansi zachuma kuyambira nthawi yakale otizungulira. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale anthu wosazindikira panali otchedwa "tsintho" - kutanthauza anthu asintha zinthu zawo ndi mzake, opanda ntchito ndalama. Pang'onopang'ono pali ndalama yokwana, ankaimba ndi golide. Kufikira tsopano, m'mayiko ambiri akuti nkhokwe ya lofanana golide. Choyamba, golide ndi miyala ina yamtengo wapatali, kuwumbidwa mu ingots, koma kenako ku Girisi ndi Roma anayamba minting ndalama. Ndalama kwa nthawi yaitali ogaŵikana golide, siliva ndi mkuwa. Pomaliza tinafika ndalama zimene zikuchitika tsopano.

yonse ya mavuto

Tiyeni tione mitundu ife tsopano, ndiyeno zitsanzo mungaithetsere pa chuma, mayankho amene angapezeke kumapeto kwa nkhani ino. Kuyamba ndi ife adzamvetsa, zimene yonse ya mavuto ali. Iwo kusiyana ndi makampani, mu lirilonse la chilinganizo ake kuwerengera. Kusiyanitsa chuma cha kumalo a ntchito, zachuma ntchito, ziwerengero zachuma, macro- ndi microeconomics. Tilankhure pang'ono za mafakitale onsewa.

Kuyamba Tiyeni tione gawo lino, monga chuma cha bungwe. Mavuto ndi njira zothetsera mungapeze pansipa.

Business zachuma

Chigawo chino ndi umafananirako kwa zazikulu ndi microeconomics. Business Economics amaphunzira kapangidwe, makamaka kupanga mkombero, mapangidwe chuma atathana ndi likulu ntchito, kukhazikitsa njira kupanga ndi kasamalidwe wonse wa bungwe bungwe. Cholinga chachikulu cha gawo ili ndi kukwaniritsa phindu pazipita pa mtengo osachepera, komanso kukhathamiritsa za ntchito yopanga. Business Economics Amaphunziranso ntchito ya kampani ndi malo ake mu msika, kupenda njira kuonjezera ziziyenda zasungidwa. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira pamene kuthetsa mavuto pa nkhani imeneyi.

Ndipotu, palibe zovuta kumvetsa mmene chuma ntchito bungwe. Mavuto ndi njira zothetsera mavutowo mwa njira, mungapeze pang'ono.

ntchito zachuma

Tikhoza kunena kuti malowa ndi kagawo wa munthu m'mbuyomu, koma zimenezi si zoona. Labor Economics kusanthula msika ntchito, wakhala kuphunzira mogwirizana kwa ogwira ntchito ndi asilikali. Ichinso, ndithudi, mbali yofunika ya sayansi kuti ayenera kuphunzira. Labor Economics akuchita mbali yofunika anira ntchito. Ndipotu popanda ogwira ntchito si kupanga katundu.

ziwerengero zachuma

Chigawo chino chikuchita ndi kuphunzira deta zowerengera ndi njira zachuma. Mu gawo ongolankhula ziwerengero zachokera chiphunzitso zachuma ndi kusanthula njira m'dera lililonse mothandizidwa ndi malamulo ake. Iwo kumagwirizana ndi kusanthula zachuma ndi ziwerengero umoyo-zaziwerengero.

macroeconomics

Phunziro la kuphunzira macroeconomics nkhani zachuma ndi zochitika. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso kuzindikira dongosolo mu zizindikiro monga okwana ndalama dziko, mlingo wa mitengo ndiponso ntchito. Ndipotu Chili njira bwino ndipo ankawachitira ambiri. Choncho, ena zigawo kwa kuthetsa vuto ingagwiritsidwe ntchito njira zazikulu za citukuko.

microeconomics

kusanthula Microeconomic tinganene kuti ngati chida kuti kumvetsa mmene angapangire zisankho utsogoleri zachuma pa mlingo wa kuthungo. Ngati Macroeconomics ikufotokoza njira pa mlingo wapamwamba Mwachitsanzo, pa mlingo boma, izo amalola kusanthula microeconomics pa mlingo wa kampani inayake.

Mitunduyi kwa Economy

Kuti athetse mavuto, tifunika kudziŵa sinkhamwa ndi kachitidwe. Tikhoza kugawanitsa iwo ndi makampani ntchito, ndi kuyamba ndi chuma ntchito. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi profitability chizindikiro. Izo zimasonyeza momwe n'zogwirizana ndi phindu avareji mtengo ogwira ntchito za chuma lokhazikika. Mwamasamu, izi zikhoza chimaonetsera: R = P / SSG. Yankho ife tikulowa tuzigawo twa a amodzi, ndipo ngati tifuna kuti kuchuluka kwa profitability, m'pofunika kuchulukitsa phindu chifukwa ndi 100%. Komanso, amaona zinthu monga zokolola likulu (Fotd) Fondoomkost (Fomk) ndi Fondovooruzhonnost (Fvoor). mawerengedwe awo ndi sikovuta: Fotd = N / SSG, kumene N - voliyumu ya malonda; Fomk = 1 / Fotd; Fvoor = SSG / Chrab kumene "Chrab" - chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito (pafupifupi).

Mu Njira zambiri, zonse zikuoneka SSG - mtengo pachaka ntchito likulu. Kodi kuwerengera izo? Pali chilinganizo lophweka: CN = SSG + SS * FM / 12 - sl * (M-12) / 12. Tiyeni tione zimene aliyense zopindulitsa. "C" - ndi mtengo woyambirira wa ntchito likulu, "SS" - phindu la chuma kulowa, "World Cup" - chiwerengero cha miyezi analowa kugwira ntchito chuma kuliika pa chaka, "zitumbuwa" - phindu liquidation. Ndi apindule wa chilinganizo wosalira Ine mwezi kupatulapo njira yakuti: SSG = (CGS-Kisi) / 2. Kisi pano - osati Commonwealth of Independent States, ndi mtengo wa katundu kuliika pa chiyambi cha chaka ndi SCG - motero, pa chaka-yotsiriza.

Komanso, tiyenera aziwerenga wa depreciation pachaka. Iwo masamu mfundo: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. mlingo Depreciation akhoza kuchita masamu ndi mitunduyi awiri: H = _Deprec (PST - LST): (AP · PST) mmene PST - kufunika koyamba katundu, LST - mtengo yotsalira, An - amortization nthawi. chilinganizo lina masamu pogwiritsa moyo wa kalembera atathana: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100%.

More tione njira zomwe akhala akugwira kwa ife kuthetsa mavuto a zachuma ntchito. Chilinganizo cha kudziwa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha ntchito pa mapeto a nthawi iliyonse (Mwachitsanzo, chaka) ndi motere: H = H _{mapeto a chiyambi} + H ₁ -h ₂ - B _3. W apa _chiyambi - chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito pa chiyambi kwa chaka; B ₁ - chiwerengero cha anthu amene anagwirizana ndi zaka ntchito; Gawo ₂ - chiwerengero cha anthu amene anafa pa nthawi; Gawo ₃ - Chiwerengero cha anapuma anthu ntchito, zaka. Palinso chilinganizo kupanga pachaka wantchito: Mu _god.rab. = Mu _chas.rab. T * T * Y _v.rab. Nanga _chas.rab. - Development wa wantchito paola (mayunitsi ndalama / munthu maola.); T - Kutalika kwa tsiku (ola); T - chiwerengero cha masiku pa chaka ntchito; Mu _v.rab. - chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito kwathunthu.

Zitsanzo za ntchito

Taganizirani vuto la zachuma a ogwira ntchito ndi vutolo. Choncho, vuto nambala 1: Dziwani phindu pachaka wa chuma atathana mwa deta anapereka. Data njira zothetsera:

kumayambiriro kwa chaka mtengo wa 15 000 zikwi rubles ..

Mtengo wa Os analowa: March - 200 zikwi rubles ..

June - 150 zikwi rubles ..

August - rubles 250 zikwi ..

Mtengo wa wopuma pantchito Os: February - 100 zikwi rubles ..

October - 300 zikwi rubles ..

Yankho: The chilinganizo cha chuma mavuto ndife abwino. Timayembekezera RESS: (C -C _{ng kg)} / 2. Ndi _ng = 15 000 zikwi rubles .; _Kuti C _ga = 15 000 + 200 + 150 + 250 - 100 - 300 = 15 200 zikwi ..

Ndiye CCV = (15000 + 15200) / 2 = 15 100 zikwi. Rubles. Komabe, ife sindifika zotsatira zolondola kwambiri, kuyambira IO Os wakhala m'goli chaka chonse. Tiyeni kuwerengetsa RESS chilinganizo loyamba: SSG = CN + SS * FM / 12 - sl * (12-M) / 12 = 15 000 + (200 * 9/12 + 150 * 6/12 + 250 * 4/12) - (100 * 10/12 + 300 * 2/12) = 15 175 zikwi. rubles.

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa ntchito ina. Pansipa pali vuto chigamulo cha chuma ogwira ntchito, ndipo amalimbana kwambiri mawerengedwe a depreciation.
Ntchito №2:

The mtengo koyamba maofesi ena a January 1 anali wofanana 160 zikwi rubles, ndi ntchito zenizeni - .. zaka 3.

Amafuna kuwerengera phindu yotsalira ndi mlingo depreciation chifukwa tsiku lomwelo, malinga depreciation wapatsidwa owongoka mzere njira. moyo utumiki wa chuma atathana akuti ndi zaka 10.

yankho;

kuvala chinthu - kuchuluka kwa depreciation nthawi zonse (ie, zaka 3). Choncho, cushioning kuwerengetsa njira liniya: A = C * H _{Deprec prim} / 100. Pezani mlingo depreciation: _Deprec H = (1 / T) * 100% = (1/10) * 100% = 10%. Ndiye A = 160 * 10/100 = 16 chikwi. Rubles. Pamene tikulingalira kuchuluka kwa depreciation kwa chaka chomwecho, mlingo avale pa zaka zitatu ndi wofanana: H = 3 * 16 = 48 zikwi rubles ..

Labor Economics: Mavuto kuti zosankha

Tiyeni tisunthire kwa gawo lina. Takambirana kale vuto la chuma cha ogwira ntchito, ndi njira zimene mukhoza kuwerenga pamwamba. Ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi kuti ntchito. Ndipo ntchito choyamba ndi chigamulo pa chuma, zomwe tiona adzathetsa m'badwo ntchito anthu.

Ntchito №1:

Awerengere nambala ya anthu amphamvu kumapeto kwa chaka, ngati pali deta kwa chaka panopa:

• chiwerengero cha anthu ntchito, zaka kumayambiriro a chaka - 60 miliyoni anthu..
• Chiwerengero cha anthu akufa mwa anthu ntchito, zaka - miliyoni 0,25 anthu..
• chiwerengero cha achinyamata amene afika chaka chino ntchito zaka - okwana 2.5 miliyoni anthu..
• chiwerengero cha anthu amene anapuma chaka chino - anthu pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni ..

Kusankha. Choncho, ife ntchito kachitidwe, ife tafotokozazi - CH = CH _{pamwamba kumapeto} + H ₁ -h ₂ - H = 60 + ₃ 2.5 - 0,25 - 1.5 = 60,750,000 anthu ..

Ambiri, izi ndi vuto lonse ndi chigamulo pa zachuma ntchito. Tsopano tiyeni tione vuto ndi linanena bungwe pachaka.

Ntchito №2: Kudziwa ndi linanena bungwe pachaka wogwira ntchito.

Pamwamba tinakambirana njira kwa pothetsa vuto limeneli. Tsopano ndi nthawi ntchito: Mu _god.rab. = Mu _chas.rab. T * T * Y _v.rab.

Ife tikupeza zonse za kufunika kwa dongosolo. Kukhala ndi ola ntchito adzamasulidwa ndi kulemekeza aakulu linanena bungwe chiwerengero cha munthu maola, i.e. Mu _chas.rab. = 3800 / 908,6 = 4,2. Kuti tipeze nthawi pafupifupi kwa tsiku, tiyenera gawani nambala munthu maola ndi chiwerengero cha munthu masiku. Ndiye T = 908,6 / 117 = 7,8 maola. Tsopano tili kupeza koyefishienti wa T, lomwe ndi kutalika kwa chaka ntchito ndi kuchita masamu kuti chiŵerengero cha athera wa munthu masiku chiwerengero cha antchito. Kuti tipeze chiwerengero cha "workaholic", tiyenera kuwonjezera zimene amachita mu chiwerengero cha antchito. Pambuyo pake, n'zosavuta kulemba chilinganizo: T = 117 * 1000 / (580 * 0,824) = 244,8 masiku.

Tsopano tikufuna m'malo makhalidwe onse njira. Ife tifika: Mu _god.rab. = 4,2 * 7,8 * 244,8 * 0,824 = 6608,2 den.edin. / Munthu.

Kodi wina?

Ambiri adzadabwa: ichi lonse zosiyanasiyana mavuto a zachuma? Ndiko wotopetsa? Kwenikweni, palibe. Monga kwambiri mavuto chifukwa malo awa a zachuma: zachuma mafuta, limene yothetsera mavuto tidaona kuti pachiyambi, ndi zachuma ntchito. Pali mafakitale zina zambiri, koma ngati palibe mitunduyi zovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale mwachidziwikire zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito limodzi kapena lamulo lina masamu. Komabe, aliyense adzapindula ndi kuwerenga ntchito mu chuma ndi zochita. Ophunzira, ndikofunikira mwayi kuti awone njira kwambiri facilitates kumvetsetsa vutolo komanso kulankhulana bwino kuti munthu zomwenso ake.

Kodi wina angathe kuwerenga kapena poreshat munthawi kumvetsa za nkhaniyi? Analimbikitsa poreshat ntchito deta Revenko NF a zachuma ntchito. Ndipo izo zikanakhala zabwino kuwerenga mabuku apadera kwambiri nkhani iliyonse.

Pomaliza

Economy - wakale kwambiri komanso wofunika sayansi, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anapita dzanja ndi dzanja wina ndi masamu. malamulo ake kulola kuoneratu mavuto kusintha zinthu pa dziko ndi zina zotero. Ngati munthu ali ndi chidziwitso cha zachuma, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti kutha mu nthawi yamavuto kapena m'dera tsoka ndalama. Ngati kupitiriza kuphunzira, nawonso apindule mu moyo ndipo zidzatithandiza kuthandiza ndalama bwino. Kumene, tinakambirana zitsanzo chabe kuthetseratu chuma vuto, ndipo sizikutanthauza kuti mavuto aakulu lidzaonekera izi. Zonse mu moyo zambiri zovuta ndi zosokoneza. Choncho, ngati mukufuna nthawizonse kukhala pamwamba, ndiye vuto ndi ndi chigamulo cha chuma zidzakuthandizani kwambiri. Chofunika kwambiri kuti mukhale anzeru.