Ziyenera majeremusi: mitundu, maonekedwe, zitsanzo

Parasitism - mmodzi wa mitundu wamkulu wa coexistence wa zamoyo. Ku mawu achigiriki "tiziromboti" chinenero akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "tiziromboti." Ndithudi, akamanena za parasitism kuti awiri osiyana yosiyana chamoyo coexisted kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali, wina ndi majeremusi ntchito zina osati malo, komanso gwero la chakudya. Pa oterewa chidwi, kwa mfundo zamoyo view, chodabwitsa parasitism ziyenera, ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kodi mawu akuti "parasitism"?

Mu Greece wakale panali lamulo: wandale wina amadzuka wokalamba kwambiri kuti akwaniritse udindo wawo mwachindunji, iye amapita kuti amadalira boma. Pakuti anthu awa anamanga nyumba wapadera, wotchedwa parasitariyami. Koma anthu a hostels lotchedwa majeremusi. Moti poyamba tiziromboti - ndi amene amatha unalipo kwa ena.

zamoyo parasitic

majeremusi tsopano limatchedwa zolengedwa amene alipo N'zosatheka anthu ena za thupi mitundu yosiyanasiyana zinthu zamoyo. Tiziromboti kungathandizire kutaya luso moyo palokha (ili otchedwa ziyenera majeremusi), kapena wina kupita mu njira parasitic amoyo zokha pamisinkhu zina za chitukuko.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti tiziromboti ubwino kuchokera co-kukhalisana ndi khamu, ndi iwowa mavuto. Pamene kuwonongeka ichi zingasiyane malire m'malo lonse, kuchokera ku ziwalo zina minofu kuwonongeka zosiyanasiyana kapena wakuta isanafike khalidwe kusintha wa asilikali. N'chifukwa chake vuto la matenda ayenera kuchiza majeremusi mwinamwake kuwonongeka mpaka kalekale kwa thupi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ambiri kapena mankhwala amene angamuthandize kuti amuchotsepo mphutsi.

Features wa zamoyo parasitic

Mosiyana predation, parasitism ikukhudza anatengera tiziromboti kwa makhalidwe a asilikali. Majeremusi adzakhala monga pamwamba khamu thupi ndi cavities ziwalo wake mkati kapena maselo.

Ndithu khalidwe mbali ndi kuchepetsa tizilombo parasitic kuti ena ziwalo, amene mwa kuli Sikuti. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri majeremusi palibe dongosolo m'mimba, angazindikire ziwalo kapena miyendo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti majeremusi m'kupita kwa kusanduka konse "kubwerera" anataya limba machitidwe: Zimatheka zina zosabvuta pa thupi. Mwachitsanzo umenewu zosabvuta kungachititse mavairasi omwe woganiziridwa tizilombo unicellular lidzasinthidwa molekyulu ya DNA kapena RNA, "odzaza" mu chipolopolo mapuloteni. Mavairasi ali wosazindikira kuti ena ofufuza chiyani n'komwe iwo kukhala zamoyo.

The zamoyo wa parasitism

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti parasitism adanyamuka nthawi ya dziko wamoyo, pamene pa biogeocoenoses lapansi poyamba. Chifukwa kulimbitsa mgwirizano pakati pa zamoyo anakumana zosiyanasiyana ubale symbiotic kuti akuyimira coexistence anthu otsata mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pankhaniyi, mtundu umodzi wa pang'onopang'ono anayamba atengere thupi la wina. Specialization anakhala kotero yopapatiza kuti symbiote wakale kulibe popanda khamu nusandulika tiziromboti. majeremusi kwambiri ndinazolowera zifukwa poteteza gulu lake. Mwachitsanzo, bakiteriya selo khoma thicken, dongosolo lapadera kuteteza kuongola ndi kukhala kumalekezero nthata. D.

Majeremusi: mitundu chachikulu

Pali mitundu itatu chachikulu cha zamoyo parasitic:

- unsankhula majeremusi. Iwo ali gawo la moyo wawo anthu free, koma ndi njira parasitic pa moyo chabe magawo chitukuko, monga ulamuliro, kubalana. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya matumbo.

- ziyenera majeremusi. magawo onse a mkombero tiziromboti moyo kugwirizana ndi khamu. Mu malo kunja tiziromboti ngati kulibe. Ziyenera majeremusi - mavairasi onse, Rickettsia ndi mauka.

- Zongotigwera majeremusi. Izi ndi kagulu kochepa ka zamoyo kuti kusintha kwa parasitism mwangozi. Zitsanzo ndi bowa, amene angakhale chifukwa cha chitukuko mycoses anthu subcutaneous.

Kuonetsetsa mtundu wina wa zamoyo parasitic - otchedwa sverhparazitov. zamoyo monga makamu ntchito tizilombo tina. Superparasitism - chodabwitsa zofala mu chikhalidwe, ali ofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe: zamoyo amenewa malangizo kukula kwa chiwerengero cha zamoyo parasitic.

"Nkhani zoipa mu CD zomanga thupi ndi"

Mavairasi ndi ziyenera majeremusi - zamoyo kuti sangathe kubereka kunja kwa chipinda. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti mavairasi ali mbadwa zamoyo zovuta kwambiri kuti asamukira njira parasitic wa moyo ndipo ataya kwambiri imene imachititsa awo ndi nyumba yotere. Mavairasi alibe ngakhale luso kudzimvera kagayidwe; pakuti mphamvu ntchito njira kagayidwe kachakudya mu khungu matenda.

Ndi tanthauzo la Nobel Prize P. Medawar, kachilombo - ndi "uthenga zoipa ma CD zomanga thupi la." Ndi zoonadi kuti: kapangidwe tizilombo wosalira kwa malire. Mavairasi ndi DNA kapena RNA molekyulu, mapuloteni kutetezedwa chipolopolo okhala ndi dzina "capsid". Kamodzi muchipindachi, majini HIV ayamba kumukonzanso ntchito kachitidwe amuzolengedwa, kuwachititsa kubereka zofunika HIV kugawanika mapuloteni.

Mavairasi majeremusi ngati mtheradi

Mavairasi angatchedwe ngati "mfumu" ya majeremusi mu dziko palibe umodzi mitundu, amene mwina si poyera kuti matenda tizilombo. Mavairasi akhoza infest osati maselo a nyama ndi zomera, komanso tizilombo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti yekha ziyenera majeremusi, kuti sali okha sangathe palokha ufulu kukhalapo, komanso kuonetsa katundu wa moyo kanthu kokha pamene kugwa mu gulu lake.

Sizingakhale zothandiza ngakhale zoipa zimene kachilombo angachititse thupi, kuchiritsa kwa majeremusi kuti kupatsira maselo. Mwatsoka, mavairasi, ziyenera majeremusi okhudza maselo ambiri a mlingo wokweretsa chulukanani mwamsanga mokwanira. kusanduka awo patsogolo malonda mankhwala. Choncho, ziyenera okhudza maselo ambiri majeremusi ndi losavuta, ngati si wosazindikira dongosolo, ndiyeno akunde mfumu ya chilengedwe - anthu ...

Masiku ano, asayansi anapeza kuti ndi parasitic chamoyo ndi imodzi mwa injini waukulu kusanduka. Musaganize kuti zolengedwa kuvulaza yekha: ziyenera majeremusi, amene kunaonekera m'nkhani ino ndi chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira za zolengedwa, popanda zomwe chitukuko cha dziko moyo n'zosatheka.