Zotsatira Ringelmana: ambiri zambiri, ndi chitsanzo cha chilinganizo cha kuwerengetsa

Psychology amathandiza anthu kumvetsa okha, zochita zawo ndi malingaliro, osati kokha, koma izo zimakhudza odziwa zomangamanga ndi chisankho chosankha malonda. Mfundo kukopa kwake agona mu zonse. Ndi kupezedwa kwambiri kuti sayansi imeneyi, ndi bwino wokometsedwa ndondomeko ntchito ndi patsogolo miyoyo ya munthu aliyense. Mmodzi wa atulukira ofunika anapangidwa 1927, ndi dzina "zotsatira Ringelmana". Kuti tichite zimenezi, tinkachititsa pa mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano chidwi, zomwe zinaonetsa chidwi kwambiri ndi n'kosathandiza, mwakuwoneka zotsatira. Koma, mwatsoka, sakumvetsabe kuganizira zinthu zimenezi, ndipo adakali mu mdima.

zatsopano

Cholinga cha zatsopano anali kutsimikizira kuti chifukwa cha mgwirizano kogwira mtima kwambiri ntchito okwana membala aliyense wa gulu payekha. Iwo anali nawo anthu wamba, amene anafunsidwa zolemera, ndiye chifukwa yabwino chinalembedwa. Pamenepo anthuwo anayamba coalesce m'magulu: woyamba wa anthu ochepa, ndipo anayamba zikuluzikulu. The chifukwa ankayembekezera anali momveka bwino: ngati munthu angachotse kulemera Makamaka, awiri kale kugonjetsa mwamphamvu kawiri kapena kuposa. maganizo, ndi njira, Pali lero.

Ringelmana zotsatira ndipo zotsatira zake

Komabe, asayansi ndi zotsatira zodabwitsa. Kunapezeka kuti awiri a anthu kungakuthandizeni 93 okha peresenti ya ndalama za zotsatira wawo woyamba. Ndipo pamene gulu la ophunzira eyiti, zotsatira zake zimakhala 49 okha peresenti ya zotsatira angathe ntchito. Kulimbitsa zotsatira, anthu anali okonzedwa zatsopano Mwachitsanzo, anafunsidwa kukoka chingwe, koma mmene akanali yemweyo.

zotsatira zifukwa

Ndipotu, zonse ndi yosavuta, ngati munthuyo ntchito - iye akhoza kuwerenga okha okha, koma kupyolera mu mphamvu losonkhanitsidwa ndi wopulumutsidwa kale, izi ndi zotsatira Ringelmana. Mwachitsanzo - amadziwika nkhani za anthu a kumudzi. Atangotuluka anayamba kuika pa anthu keg tchuthi cha mowa wamphamvu, ndi proviso kuti aliyense kubweretsa chidebe cha lake. Zotsatira zake zinali kuti anadzazidwa ndi madzi opanda. Izi zinachitika chifukwa aliyense anaganiza kunyengeza, poganiza kuti aliyense adzabweretsa mowa, ndi maziko awa kuti tsenga wake ndi madzi osati zindikirani.

Choncho, Ringelmann zotsatira kwagona kuti gulu la anamuonetsa passivity ambiri. Kumachita munthu atakhazikitsa phindu la khama lawo, ndipo ntchitoyi anagawa pakati pa gulu la anthu amene amayesetsa zochepa. M'mawu ena, chiwonetsero cha zotsatira passivity chikhalidwe adzagwa mpaka kufika chilemba ziro. Ndi inertia, ndithudi, ntchito adzakhala anachita ndi efficiently, koma kuona ngati mnzawo kumachepetsa khama lake, palibe amene amafuna kuyesa mwachangu mofanana.

History of anapeza mmene

Mu 1927, gulu la asayansi anachita kafukufuku tingachipeze powerenga mu maganizo, kotero kuti ndi amenewa anatulukira. Pambuyo pa zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo tafotokozazi, ife kulenga chilinganizo masamu kuwerengera munthu chopereka pafupifupi munthu aliyense, ndipo izo zikuwoneka kuti zinthu ngati zimenezi.

Chopereka pafupifupi = 100-7 * (chiwerengero cha ophunzira 1)

Choncho, mwamasamu kuwerengera zotsatira Ringelmana, njira limasonyeza kuti zopereka pafupifupi wa anthu atatu adzakhala 86 peresenti, eyiti - peresenti 51 okha.

Zotsatira za ulesi chikhalidwe

ulesi Social amatchedwa imfa ya zolinga. Chinthu chachikulu maonekedwe ake amaona kuti munthu, ntchito ndi munthu amayamba kudalira abwenzi kuthetsa zosiyanasiyana ntchito. Komabe, sikuti iye zindikirani kuti ntchito poipa, ndipo akupitiriza kukhulupirira kuti kupatula mu mphamvu ntchito mokwanira. Ichi ndi cholinga chofanana Ringelmana. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti mawonekedwe ake chifukwa cha zochita mwangozi.

Zina mwa zinthu kugonjetsa mu ulesi mwa anthu ndi kupereka zotsatirazi:

1. udindo aliyense payekha zotsatira. Ndi kukula kufunika kwa udindo wa munthuyo ndi zambiri kuchepa zizindikiro za ulesi chikhalidwe.
2. Gulu cohesion ndi Mzimu waubwenzi angadwale zokolola zanu.
3. Large kukula ndi Zochita za gulu la: anthu ambiri, zoipa zotsatira.
4. Osiyana chikhalidwe ndi maganizo, mwa kulankhula kwina, ngati gulu adzaphatikizapo oimira zikhalidwe angapo, zokolola za gulu adzakhala yokulirapo kuposa ntchito apamwamba.
5. Palinso jenda tcheru: ofufuza anazindikira kuti akazi ndi zambiri zokayikitsa kuti aonetse ulesi chikhalidwe kuposa amuna.

Kodi kuthana

Mwatsoka, palibe koma ndalama, limakupatsani kugonjetsa Ringelmana. Kumene, tsopano pali mabuku ambiri ndi maphunziro maphunziro amene analonjeza kuti muzikhoza mu timu. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka zokolola za gulu adzapita pansi, aliyense kudalira pa ena. Ichi ndi munthu wabwinobwino maganizo poyankha zinthu izi.

Kodi pali rebuttal?

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu wasayansi kunali koyenera kuti cholinga: kupeza ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuli zinthu zimene kulola gulu kuti apereke chifukwa cha chimodzimodzi koma zambiri. Panafunika kuti khama la gulu lonse anapereka zotsatira kuposa membala aliyense angathe kupereka payekha. Asayansi akuyesetsa kuti atsimikizire kuti si choncho nthawi zonse Ringelmana kwenikweni. Akana, mwatsoka, komabe anapeza, ndipo zinthu zimenezi ndi ume-.

zotsatira zolinga

Koma akatswiri anali okhoza kumvetsa zolinga za munthu pa munthu aliyense payekha ndiponso ntchito. Mbali yoyamba, iye akuganiza kuti: "Ngati Ine sindikuchita, ndiye yani?" Ndipo wachiwiri iye akuganiza motere: ". Ntchito imeneyi ine sindimakonda, ngakhale izo amamuchitira" Akapanda kumva udindo yekha wa ntchito, izo basi akuyamba ntchito mwa chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu. M'mawu ena, ntchito pa mfundo ya "zonse Ndinasiyana yosatha, ndatsiriza anthu ena gulu."