Nchiyani chinachitika mu bylins? Tanthauzo la epic

Simukusowa kukhala katswiri wamaganizo kuti muwone kuti mawu akuti "epic" ndi "byl" ndi mawu amodzi okha. Poyambirira, ntchito za luso lomveka bwino, zomwe timapereka tanthauzo la "epic", zimatchedwa kaleen times. Dzina lamakono limene analandira m'zaka za zana la XIX ndi dzanja lamphamvu la sayansi, wolemba masewera a Sakharov, motsatira mzere wochokera ku "Lay of Igor's Campaign": "Yambani kuyimba nyimbo zanu zakale, osati molingana ndi dongosolo la Boyan!".

Bylins - byl?

Ofufuza a "Lay of Igor's Campaign" amapereka tanthauzo lotsatira la liwu lakuti "epic", limene limapezeka muntchito: "byl, nchiyani chinachitikadi." Koma m'mayendedwe amauzidwa za ankhondo omwe amamenyana ndi maulamuliro osawerengeka. Kuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane ndi nthano. Kodi n'zotheka kuti munthu yemwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba ku yunivesite yemwe adasonkhanitsa mwambo wake wonse moyo wake wonse ndipo adafalitsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi zinthu zakale ndi zochitika zapamwamba zingakhale zolakwitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito tanthawuzo lolakwika la chiwonongeko? Nkhani yosokonezeka, yomwe tikuyesera kuizindikira.

Kodi ndikutani?

Tsatanetsatane wa ana a sukulu ndi yofikira kwambiri izi zikufotokozera: chida chakale chachi Russia chokhwima, omwe ankhanza ake anali amphona. Chiwembucho ndi chochitika champhamvu, pomwe "ife timagonjetsa bwino anthu otembereredwa ndi otsutsa a Russia." Analemba vesi lapadera, lotchedwa Epic. Iyi ndi vesi lothandizira lomwe chiwerengero chomwecho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamzere.

Byliny: tanthauzo la mtundu

Mabeluwo ankachitidwa ndi olemba nkhani, omwe nthawi zambiri ankatsatira nawo azeze, anaimba. Bylins sanalembedwe, ndipo olemba omwe adawalemba sanali odziwika. Choncho, izi ndi nyimbo zapichipu zokhudzana ndi zojambula. Nyimbozi ndizosazolowereka chifukwa chakuti alibe nyimbo, koma zilembo zambiri zimatembenuka (kufanana, zilembo, zifaniziro). Bylins amapangidwa ndi magawo awiri: ndi chiyambi (monga lamulo, wolemba nkhani aliyense anali wake) ndi ntchito yokha, yomwe imatchedwa "epic". Chifukwa chakuti epicyo sizinalembedwe, wolemba nkhani aliyense adayambitsa china chake mwa iwo okha, pali mabaibulo ambiri a nyimboyo pa nkhani yomweyo.

Historicism

Kodi panali maziko enieni mu nyimbo zakale zamagulu? Anali. Sakharov anali wolondola pamene anagwiritsa ntchito tanthawuzo la mawu akuti "Epic" mpaka zakale. Mulimonsemo, manda a Ilya a Murom ndi enieni, ali ku Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Pali zolemba zenizeni za bogatyr ina - Alyosha Popoviche, yemwe adamwalira ku nkhondo ya Kalka. Nyuzipepala ya Novgorod imalongosola momwe wina wojambula zithunzi, Stavr Godinovich, adabera awiri a Novgorodians, omwe adalangidwa ndi Vladimir Monomakh. Inde, ndi kufotokoza za ubale, moyo, malo, kumene zochita za epic zimachitika, ziri zolondola kwambiri. Koma osayiwala kuti epic si mbiri, ndipo adaimbidwa kukumbukira ndi ochita zambiri. Ndipotu, omwe adazilemba ndi kuziimba sankadziwa tanthauzo la "epic" ndipo sadakayikire kuti nthawi idzafika pamene zonsezi zidzakhala chinthu chophunzirira. Choncho, palibe ndipo sangathe kukhala ndi mbiri ya mbiri yakale mwa iwo.

Masewera otchuka kwambiri

Wakale kwambiri mu masewera olimba ndi Svyatogor. Ndizowona kuti ndizovuta kwambiri moti zimangotenga dziko lapansi. Nkhani zokhudza iye zinakhazikitsidwa ngakhale mu nthawi ya Dokiev. Asanamwalire Svyatogor anapambana ndi mphamvu zake kwa Ilya Muromets.

Ankhondo atatu otchuka kwambiri, omwe tinkawawona pajambula la Vasnetsov la dzina lomwelo: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich ndi Alyosha Popovich.

Muromets ndi otchuka kwambiri mu masewera achi Russia, ngakhale kuti adanena za iye mochedwa kuposa za anzake omwe akujambula pa Vynetsovsky. Kuchokera pa dzina lake zikuonekeratu kuti iye anabadwira mu Murom. M'mipikisano yonena za moyo wake, malo obadwira amatchulidwa: mudzi wa Karacharovo. Olemba nkhaniyo adamufotokozera kuti ndi wamphamvu kwambiri pamphamvu zitatu, wanzeru ndi odziwa bwino, wankhondo wovala tsitsi.

Dobrynya Nikitich ndizovomerezeka kwambiri mu utatu. Katswiri wogwirizana. Amadziwika ngati njoka. Dziko lakwawo lachiwopsezo chinali Ryazan.

Alyosha Popovich - wamng'ono kwambiri pa atatu olimba mtima. Iye anabadwira m'banja la wansembe mumzinda wa Rostov. Heather, amakonda kuseka, pokurazhitsya pa adani. Oster pa lilime. Monga akunena, achinyamata-wobiriwira. Mwa njira, mpaka tsopano umunthu wa Alyosha umayambitsa mikangano pakati pa ofufuza a zolemba zowonjezera komanso olemba mbiri. Chowonadi chiri chakuti kutchulidwa kwa imfa ya Popovich kuli mu mbiri pamene akulongosola nkhondo pa Kalka mtsinje. Izi zinakambidwa pamwambapa. Koma m'mabuku a annals akulemba iye anagwera pansi pa dzina la Alexander. Tsopano asayansi akugwedeza ubongo wawo, chomwe chiri chachikulu: mbiri, ndiyeno chowopsya chokhudza wachinyamata, kapena epic, ndiyeno mbiri mu mbiri. Mtsutso uwu ndiwongopeka, chifukwa ngati poyamba pamakhala mbiri, zochitika zapachiyambi zinapangidwa za msilikali weniweni.

Chikoka chachikulu pa chikhalidwe cha Russian

Wamkulu. Ndiwothandiza. Kawirikawiri mutu uwu wazing'ono ungaperekedwe ku nkhani yapadera.

Kusinkhasinkha za chilengedwe chokhazikika chomwe timachipeza m'nkhani za A.S. Pushkin, mu zilembo za ndakatulo za A. Tolstoy.

Ndani samadziwa nyimbo yachiwiri ya Borodin, yomwe imatchedwa "Bogatyrskaya"? Popeza tikukamba za nyimbo, sitingakumbukire bwanji opera "Sadko" ya Rimsky-Korsakov?

Mutu wa zochitika zakale komanso zamasewera anauzira Vasnetsov, Vrubel ndi Bilibin.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti tikhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti epicyo ndi chitsimikizo chozama, chokhazikika pakupanga mafano okongola a a Russia, komanso pofotokoza nthawi zakale za Rus.