Allen Ginsberg: MBIRI, ntchito, ndemanga

Allen Ginsberg ndi malo otchuka kwambiri ku chikhalidwe cha America pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa olemba omwe amamenya olemekezeka kwambiri ndi ndakatulo wotchuka wa m'badwo wake.

Allen Ginsberg: Biography

Iye anabadwa mu 1926 ku Newark, New Jersey, kwa banja lachilendo lachiyuda. Iye anakulira pafupi ndi Paterson. Bambo Louis Ginsberg anaphunzitsa Chingerezi, ndipo amayi a Naomi anali mphunzitsi ndi wotsutsa bungwe la Chikomyunizimu cha United States. Allen Ginsberg ali wachinyamata anakhala mboni za mavuto ake a maganizo, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa mantha chifukwa cha mantha a kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha zochita zake.

Chiyambi cha kayendedwe kakang'ono

Allen Ginsberg ndi Lucien Carr anakumana mu 1943, akuphunzira ku University University. Wachiwiriyo anabweretsa wophunzira watsopano ndi William Burroughs ndi Jack Kerouac. Anzawo apamtima adadziyika okha ngati zilembo zapadera. Odziwika chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo osagwirizana nawo komanso khalidwe losautsa, Allen ndi anzake adayesanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kamodzi Ginsberg adagwiritsa ntchito chipinda chake m'bwalo la koleji kuti asunge katundu wabiba, wogulidwa kwa anzake. Atayang'aniridwa ndi mlanduwu, adaganiza zoonetsera kuti ndi wamisala, ndipo adakhala miyezi yambiri kuchipatala cha maganizo.

Atamaliza maphunziro a yunivesite, Allen anakhala ku New York ndipo anachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mu 1954, anasamukira ku San Francisco, kumene olemba ndakatulo Kenneth Rexroth ndi Lawrence Ferlingetti anaimirira.

Kufuula motsutsana ndi chitukuko

Allen Ginsberg poyamba anayamba kuwonetsedwa pagulu mu 1956, atatulutsidwa buku lakuti "The Shout and Other Poems." Nthano imeneyi mwa mwambo wa Walt Whitman ndi kulira kwa mkwiyo ndi kukhumudwa komwe kumayang'aniridwa ndi anthu owononga ndi opanda chikhalidwe. Kevin O'Sullivan mu Newsmakers adatcha kuti ntchitoyi idawoneka, ndi mavesi owonetsera zakugonana ndipo adawonjezeranso kuti, malinga ndi ambiri, izi ndizosinthika mu ndakatulo ya ku America. Allen Ginsberg mwiniwakeyo ankatcha "Vopl" monga "Ayuda-Melvillian breathing bardic".

Chilankhulo chatsopano, chowona mtima cha ndakatulo chadodometsa otsutsa ambiri a chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, James Dickey anafotokoza "Vopl" ngati "wotopa kwambiri" ndipo anamaliza kunena kuti "izi sikokwanira kulembera ndakatulo." Otsutsa ena adayankha bwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Richard Eberhart ananena kuti ntchitoyi ndi "ntchito yamphamvu, yopanda mphamvu ... Ndikumveka mofuula pa zonse zomwe zikuchitika mu chitukuko chathu chomwe chimapha mzimu ... Mphamvu zake zamphamvu zimachokera ku mphamvu yakuwombola ya chikondi." Paul Carroll anatcha ndakatulo "imodzi mwa zochitika zazikuluzikulu." Poyesa kukopa kwa "Vopla", Paul Zweig adanena kuti mlembiyo "wotsutsa yekha anachotsa ndakatulo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu m'ma 1950".

Njirayi

Kuwonjezera pa otsutsa otsutsa, "Vopl" inadodometsa Dipatimenti ya Police ya San Francisco. Chifukwa cha chilakolako chogonana cha ndakatulo, bukhuli linalengezedwa, ndipo wofalitsa, wolemba ndakatulo Ferlinghetti, anamangidwa. Mayesero omwe adayesedwawo adakopa chidwi cha dzikoli komanso olemba mbiri: Mark Shorer, Kenneth Rexroth ndi Walter Van Tilberg Clark adalankhula poyankha "Kufuula". Shorer anatsimikizira kuti "Ginsberg amagwiritsa ntchito liwu ndi mawu omveka achilankhulo. Nthanoyo imakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito chinenero chachabechabe. " Clarke amatchedwa "Vopl" ntchito ya wolemba ndakatulo wodalirika, yemwe ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pake a Mboni anakhulupirira Woweruza Clayton Horn kuti apange chisankho kuti ntchitoyo siyodetsedwa.

Kotero, Allen Ginsberg, omwe maumboni ake onena za zilembo za ndakatulo anafalitsidwa kwambiri panthawi ya mulandu, adakhala mlembi wa manifesto wa kayendetsedwe ka zida. Akatswiri olemba mabuku monga Jack Kerouac ndi William Burroughs ndi olemba ndakatulo Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, ndi Ginsberg pamitu yomwe inalembedwa kale komanso yopanda kulembedwa m'zinenero za msewu. Malingaliro ndi luso la kutuluka pang'ono zinakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chambiri ku America mu 1950s-1960s.

Pemphero la Chikumbutso

Mu 1961, Ginsberg analemba "Kaddish ndi ndakatulo zina." Nthanoyi inali yofanana ndi maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe kuti "Vopl" ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito mwambo wamaliro wa Chiyuda, adafotokoza za moyo wa amayi ake. Maganizo ovuta omwe wolemba ndakatulo anamverera kwa iye, akudala ndikumenyana ndi matenda a maganizo, ndiwo ntchito ya ntchitoyi. Zili ngati chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za Allen: Thomas Merrill anamutcha "Ginsberg mwakhama komanso mwakuwonetseratu bwino", ndi Luis Simpson - "luso lapamwamba."

Izi ndizo!

Allen Ginsberg, amene ntchito zake zidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi William Carlos Williams, anakumbukira mbiri yake ya sukulu monga "chigawo chovuta kwambiri kuchokera ku New Jersey," koma atatha kulankhula naye "mwamsanga anazindikira kuti wolemba ndakatuloyu anamvetsera mwatcheru kuti amve" makutu ". Phokoso, phokoso loyera ndi liwu, monga kumayankhula mozungulira iye, ndipo adayesetsa kusintha zilembo zake zamakatulo kuchokera kwa enieni, omwe amamvetsera, osati molingana ndi zochitika zapamwamba kapena nyimbo za zilembo zamaganizo.

Malingana ndi ndakatulo, atatha kuzindikira mwamsanga iye anachita mwamsanga. Allen Ginsberg akulemba pulogalamu yake mwa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a mizere 4 kapena 5, yomwe imayenderana ndemanga ya wina-kuganiza, yokonzedwa molingana ndi mpweya, chimodzimodzi momwe ziyenera kuthyola ngati zikanenedwa, ndikuzitumiza kwa Williams . Nthawi yomweyo anamutumizira kalata ndi mawu akuti: "Izi ndizo! Kodi mudakali ndi izi? "

Kerouac ndi ena

Ginzberg nayenso ankakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi bwenzi lake Kerouac, yemwe analemba zolemba za kalembedwe ka "mwatsatanetsatane", zomwe Allen anazikonda ndikuzikonzekera kuntchito yake. Kerouac analemba ena mwa mabuku ake, akuyesa makina ojambula ndi pepala loyera ndi kulemba mosalekeza mu "chidziwitso". Allen Ginsberg anayamba kulemba mavesi mosiyana ndi momwe akunenera, "kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndi timagulu ting'onozing'ono ndi zidutswa zosiyana siyana, koma ndikugwiritsira ntchito mutu wanga, ndikuzilemba pomwepo, ndikuzifikitsa pamenepo."

Williams ndi Kerouac anatsindika maganizo a wolembayo ndi njira yake yachiwonetsero poyerekeza ndi zomangamanga. Ginsberg anatchula za mbiri yakale ya lingaliro ili mu ntchito za wolemba ndakatulo Walt Whitman, wolemba mbiri wotchedwa Herman Melville ndi alembi Henry David Thoreau ndi Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Wandale-libertarian

Mutu waukulu wa moyo wa Ginzberg ndi ntchito yake ndi ndale. Kenneth Rexroth adatchula mbali iyi ya ntchito ya Allen "pafupifupi mtundu wokongola wa mwambo wa Whitman wotchuka wa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mabuku a American." Mu ndakatulo zingapo Ginsberg akunena za nkhondo ya mgwirizano wazaka za m'ma 1930, ziwerengero zodziwika kwambiri, McCarthy Red Hunt ndi zochitika zina zazikulu za gulu lamanzere. Mu Wichita Vortex Sutra, akuyesera kuthetsa nkhondo ku Vietnam ndi mtundu wamatsenga. Mu "kavalidwe ka Plutonic" amayesedwa njira yofananamo - mpweya wamatsenga wa ndakatulo umatulutsa mphamvu ya atomu ku makhalidwe ake owopsa. Maumboni ena monga "Voplyu", ngakhale kuti sali ovomerezedwa ndi ndale, komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, ali ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu pakati pa anthu.

Mphamvu ya maluwa

Zochitika za ndale za Ginzberg zinali za munthu wotchuka kwambiri wa libertarian, ndikukamba za ndakatulo zake zomwe zimakondweretsa munthu payekha pazinthu za chikhalidwe. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1960, adayanjanitsidwa kwambiri ndi anticulture ndi kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo. Iye adalenga ndi kuteteza njira ya "mphamvu yamaluwa" pamene owonetsa ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi nkhondo amalimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino monga mtendere ndi chikondi kuti awonetsere kutsutsa kwawo imfa ndi chiwonongeko cha nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maluwa, mabelu, kumwetulira ndi mantras (zingwe zopatulika) kwa kanthaŵi zinakhala zofala pakati pa owonetsa. Mu 1967, Ginsberg anali wokonzekera "Kusonkhanitsa mafuko a anthu kukhalapo" - chochitika chomwe chinachitika pa chitsanzo cha holide ya chipembedzo cha Chihindu. Unali phwando loyamba lachikhalidwe chokhala ndi zolimbikitsa kwa ena zikwi. Mu 1969, pamene anthu ena omwe ankamenyana ndi nkhondo anatsutsa "Pentagon," Ginsberg analemba mantra kwa iye. Adawonanso chitetezo ku Chicago Seven, komwe anthu odana ndi nkhondo amatsutsidwa kuti "akukonzekera kudutsa malire a dziko kuti akonze ziwawa."

Otsutsa nawo

Nthaŵi zina ntchito za ndale za Ginzberg zinasokoneza chikhalidwe. Anamangidwa pamtsutso wotsutsa nkhondo ku New York mu 1967 ndipo anabalalitsa misozi ku Democratic National Convention ku Chicago mu 1968. Mu 1972, adamangidwa chifukwa chochita nawo zionetsero motsutsana ndi Purezidenti Richard Nixon ku Republican National Convention ku Miami. Mu 1978, iye ndi mnzake wina amene anali naye kwa nthaŵi yaitali, Peter Orlovski, anamangidwa chifukwa choletsa njira za sitimayo n'cholinga choti asiye sitima yonyansa yotuluka mumzinda wa Rocky Flats, yomwe imapanga zida zaputonium ku Colorado.

Mfumu ya May

Ntchito za ndale za Ginzberg zinayambitsanso mavuto m'mayiko ena. Mu 1965, adafika ku Cuba monga mtolankhani wa Evergreen Review. Atadandaula za chithandizo cha amuna okhaokha ku yunivesite ya Havana, boma linapempha Ginsberg kuti achoke m'dzikoli. M'chaka chomwecho, wolemba ndakatuloyu anapita ku Czechoslovakia, kumene adasankhidwa "mfumu ya mayeso" ndi nzika zikwi zambiri za ku Czech. Tsiku lotsatira, boma la Czech linamupempha kuti achoke, chifukwa anali "wosasamala komanso wotsika". Ginsberg mwiniwakeyo anafotokoza kuti anathamangitsidwa chifukwa chakuti apolisi achinsinsi a ku Czech ankachita manyazi ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa "wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka wa American poddatoj."

Mystic

Vuto linanso lomwe linawonetsedwa mu ndakatulo ya Ginzberg linali kutsindika pa zauzimu ndi zamaganizo. Chidwi chake pa nkhaniyi chinayambitsidwa ndi masomphenya omwe adawachezera powerenga ndakatulo za William Blake. Allen Ginsberg anakumbukira "mawu akuya kwambiri mu chipinda," zomwe mwamsanga, popanda kuganiza, zimatengera mawu a Blake. Iye adaonjezeranso kuti "mwachindunji cha phokoso panali chinachake chosakumbukika, chifukwa chinkawoneka ngati Mulungu ali ndi mau aumunthu ndi chikondi chonse chosatha ndi utsogoleri ndi udindo wofa wa Mlengi wamoyo kutembenukira kwa mwana wake." Masomphenya oterewa adakondweretsa chidwi chachinsinsi, zomwe zinayambitsa wolemba ndakatulo kuti ayambe kufufuza kanthawi kochepa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Monga momwe Allen Ginsberg adanenera, adalemba "Vopl" poyote, "Caddish" - chifukwa cha amphetamines, ndi "Wales - kuyendera" - mothandizidwa ndi LSD.

Atapita ku India mu 1962, pomwe adadziŵa kusinkhasinkha ndi yoga, Ginsberg anasintha maganizo ake pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Anali otsimikiza kuti kusinkhasinkha ndi yoga kunamuthandiza kudziwa bwino, koma ankaganiza kuti hallucinogens ndi yothandiza polemba ndakatulo. Psychedelics, iye anati, ndi zosiyana za yoga ndi njira yofufuza chidziwitso.

Kudandaula ku Buddhism

Kuphunzira za zipembedzo za kummawa kwa Ginzberg kunayambika atatha kupeza mantra, nyimbo zomveka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzochita za uzimu. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo kwa rhythm, kupuma ndi kumveka koyambirira kunawoneka ngati mtundu wa ndakatulo. Mu ndakatulo zingapo anaphatikizira mantras m'mawuwo, kutembenuza ntchito kukhala mtundu wa pemphero. Kuwerenga mwakatulo, nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi kubwereza malemba, kuti azikhala ndi maganizo abwino. Chidwi chake m'zipembedzo za Kum'mawa chinamtsogolera ku Monk Chogyama Trungpe, abbot wa Tibet, amene adakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya Ginzberg. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, wolemba ndakatuloyu adaphunzira maphunziro ku Trungpa Institute ku Colorado, komanso adalemba ndakatulo. Mu 1972, Allen Ginsberg analumbira Bodhisattva, kuvomereza Chibuddha.

Mbali yaikulu ya kuphunzitsa Trungpa ndi mawonekedwe a kusinkhasinkha, otchedwa shamatha, omwe amalingalira za kupuma kwanu. Malingana ndi Ginsberg, amachititsa kuchepetsa malingaliro, kupanga mafano ndi mawonekedwe a maganizo; Izi zimabweretsa kuzindikira komanso kudzipereka. Buku lakuti "The Breath of the Mind", loperekedwa ku Trungpe, liri ndi ndakatulo zambiri zolembedwa ndi chithandizo cha kusinkhasinkha kwa shamatha.

Kuchokera ku matope kupita ku chuma

Mu 1974, Allen Ginsberg ndi mnzake Anne Waldman adayambitsa sukulu ya zilembo za Jack Kerouac monga nthambi ya Naropa Institute. Malingana ndi ndakatulo, cholinga chachikulu chinali kukhazikitsa koleji yeniyeni ya zamaphunziro mu chikhalidwe cha Tibetan, kumene kuli aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe amakhala pamodzi mnyumba imodzi, yomwe idzagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. Pofuna kuphunzitsa ndi kuyankhula kusukulu, Ginsberg anakopera olemba odziwika ngati Diana di Prima, Ron Padgett ndi William Burroughs. Pogwirizanitsa ndakatulo yake ndi chidwi ndi zauzimu, Ginzberg adanenapo kuti malembawo ndi mawonekedwe a kudzidzidzimutsa okha, kumasulidwa kudzidzimutsa nokha kuti siwe. Ndiwo mawonekedwe a kuzindikira za umunthu wake ndi kudziwika kwake, kapena kudzipereka kwanu, komanso kumvetsetsa mbali yeniyeni yomwe ili kunja kwake.

Ginsberg anali ndi zolemba zofanana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "kuchokera ku dothi kupita kwa akalonga" - kuchokera ku chiyambi chake "chodetsedwa," chimene adawopa ndi kuchidzudzula, kuti adzalandidwa mu "mapepala a American American". Iye anali mmodzi wa olemba ndakatulo otchuka kwambiri a m'badwo wake ndipo, malinga ndi James Mersman, "munthu wamkulu mu mbiri ya ndakatulo."

Zaka zaposachedwa

Mafilimu owonetsedwa ndi Jerry Aronson "The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg" adatulutsidwa mu 1994. M'chaka chomwecho, University of Stanford inapereka ndakatulo imodzi miliyoni imodzi kuti ikhale yosungirako. Masalmo atsopano ndi zolemba zatsopano za ntchito za Ginzberg zapitirirabe kufalitsidwa nthawi zonse. Ndipo makalata ake, magazini komanso zithunzi za beatnikov anzake adaloledwa kuyang'ana mwatsopano moyo ndi ntchito za ndakatulo.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1997, matenda a chiwindi amapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda a shuga komanso matenda aakulu a chiwindi a Ginsberg. Atawerenga matendawa, mwamsanga analemba zolemba ndakatulo 12. Tsiku lotsatira wolemba ndakatulo anadwala sitiroko ndipo adagwa pansi. Patapita masiku awiri anafa. M'nyuzipepala ya New York Times, William Burroughs adamuuza kuti, "ndi munthu wamkulu amene ali ndi mphamvu padziko lapansi."

Allen Ginsberg: mabuku

Miyambi ya zaka zingapo za moyo wa ndakatuloyi inasonkhanitsidwa m'buku lakuti "Imfa ndi Ulemerero: Nthano, 1993-1997". Bukuli limaphatikizapo ntchito yomwe idapangidwanso pomwe Allen adziwa za matenda ake. Wolemba kalatayi wolemba mlungu uliwonse ananena kuti kuphatikiza "ndikumapeto kwa moyo wapamwamba." Ray Olson ndi Jack Helberg, akulemba mu Bukhuli, anapeza ndakatulo za Ginsberg "zopukutidwa, ngati zosasangalatsa," ndipo Rochelle Ratner mu Library Journal akulemba kuti "ali ndi umboni wochuluka wa chikondi ndi chisamaliro."

Buku lina lofalitsidwa ndi Ginsberg - "Chiwonetsero Chotsutsana: Zosankhidwa Zofunikira, 1952-1995" - ili ndi zolemba zoposa 150 pa nkhani za zida za nyukiliya, nkhondo ya Vietnam, kuwunika, olemba ndakatulo monga Walt Whitman ndi Beatnik Gregory Corso, ndi zina Mipatsa, kuphatikizapo John Lennon ndi wojambula zithunzi Robert Franke. Wotsutsa wa Publishers Weekly adawerenga bukhuli monga "nthawi zina lokoma, nthawi zina osasamala" ndipo anawonjezera kuti "adzalandira yankho kuchokera ku gulu lonse la okonda ndakatulo". Bukuli linapezekanso nkhani ya Ginsberg "yofikira kwambiri kuposa zilembo zake zambiri."

Mirror ya nthawi yake

Monga Ginsberg ndikanafuna kuti ndikumbukira? Malinga ndi iye, monga munthu wakale miyambo American wa anthu azikhala transcendental, kuchokera akale ampatuko sukulu Thoreau, EMERSON, Whitman, amene wakhala iwo m'zaka za m'ma XX. Ginsberg kamodzi anafotokoza kuti zofooka za anthu onse ali kwambiri ololera msanga; kwa mabwenzi ake ambiri anayamikira womwe ndi mwachikondi kugonana; utakhala wake zao zinali "articulation kumverera mu kampani." "Monga izo kapena ayi, palibe mmodzi susonyeza nthawi yake Bambo Ginsberg" - anamaliza Economist ndemanga. "Iye anali mlatho pakati pa zolembalemba avant-garde ndi soda chikhalidwe."