Asafe ndi chiyani? Misa asafe. asafe molekyulu

Amafotokozera sanali zachitsulo za 15 gulu [Va] nthawi ndi nthawi Table - asafe atomu 2 zimene kuphatikiza kupanga molekyulu - colorless, odorless ndi zoipa mpweya amapanga mbali yaikulu ya m'mlengalenga ndi omwe ali mbali ya zamoyo zonse.

History of anapeza

Asafe mpweya ndi za 4/5 a m'mlengalenga. Iwo anali olekanitsidwa kumayambiriro Air Research. Mu 1772, Swedish Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele woyamba kusonyeza zimenezi asafe. Malinga ndi iye, mpweya ndi mipweya awiri, mmodzi amene adayitana "moto mpweya", ndiye kuti zithandize kuyaka, ndi zina - .. "yonyansa mpweya" chifukwa umakhala itatha yoyamba kudyedwa. Amenewa anali mpweya ndi asafe. Padziko yemweyo nthawi asafe wakhala olekanitsidwa ndi Scottish katswiri Daniel Rutherford, amene poyamba lofalitsidwa wapeza komanso sayansi British Henry Cavendish ndi wachipembedzo British ndi wasayansi Dzhozefom Pristli, amene anali ndi Scheele ulamuliro wa Kupezeka kwa mpweya. kuwonjezera maphunziro asonyeza kuti mpweya latsopano ili mbali ya nitrate kapena potaziyamu nitrate (KNO _3), ndi moyenera, iye wotchedwa wa asafe ndi ( "kubereka saltpeter") ndi French sayansi Chaptal mu 1790 Nayitirojeni anali woyamba zimachitika nyengo mankhwala Lavoisier, amene malongosoledwe a udindo wa oxygen kuyaka akutsutsa ndi phlogiston chiphunzitso - wotchuka m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. olakwika kuyaka. Kulephera elementi mankhwala zamoyo (Greek ζωή) chifukwa chakuti Lavoisier dzina lake asafe mpweya.

Zikamera ndi kufala

asafe ndi chiyani? Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu mankhwala, iye pachikhalidwe chimodzi. m'mlengalenga kwa 75,51% mwa kulemera ndi 78,09% ndi buku wapangidwa ndi mchitidwe ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu kwa mafakitale. Mpweya mulinso pang'ono ammonia ndi ammonium salt, komanso oxides asafe ndi asidi nitric, anapanga pamene mabingu ndi injini kuyaka mkati. Free asafe opezeka mu meteorites ambiri, mapiri anga mafuta ndi zina akasupe mchere, dzuwa, nyenyezi ndi nebulae.

Asafe ndi anapezeka ku madipoziti mchere wa potaziyamu ndi nitrate sodium, koma kukumana ndi zosowa anthu okwanira. zakuthupi nfumi mbali iyi guano, amene angapezeke mu caverns, kumene zambiri mileme, kapena malo owuma kawirikawiri ndi mbalame. Komanso, asafe uli mu mvula ndi nthaka mu mawonekedwe a ammonia ndi ammonium salt, ndi madzi nyanja mu mawonekedwe a ayoni ammonium (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (NO ₂ ^-) ndi nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). pafupifupi 16% ya mankhwala zovuta organic monga mapuloteni, alipo mwa zamoyo zonse. Okhutira chibadwidwe kutumphuka dziko ndi 0,3 mbali mwa 1000. kuwanda danga - kuchokera maatomu 3 mpaka 7 pa pakachitsulo atomu.

Yaikulu kubala mayiko a asafe (monga amoniya) m'chiyambi cha m'ma XXI, anali India, Russia, ndi United States, Trinidad ndi Tobago, Ukraine.

kupanga ndi malonda

Industrial yopanga asafe zachokera pa distillation fractional wa liquefied mpweya. kuwira ake kutentha ndi wofanana -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C poyerekeza kuti mpweya, amene Motero kulekanitsidwa. Asafe akhoza kutulutsa pamlingo waukulu ndi kuyaka mpweya kapena chimasanduka mu mlengalenga, ndi kudzipatula chifukwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi asafe yotsalira. Mu pokha asafe koyera amapangidwa ndi Kutentha ndi azide barium Ba (N _{3) 2.} Laboratory anachita monga Kutentha njira ya nitrite ammonium (NH ₄ NO _2), ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa amoniya ndi amadzimadzi bromine njira kapena ndi mkangano okusayidi mkuwa :

• NH ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2H ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3H ₂ O + 3Cu.

Elemental asafe akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chikhalidwe inert kwa zochita zofuna osati mpweya ndi chinyezi. Ntchito ndi asafe. Hayidirojeni, methane, mpweya monoxide, mpweya, fluorine, ndipo - yekha mankhwala imene otentha kufika asafe si mu mkhalidwe olimba crystalline.

Makampani mankhwala, izi amafotokozera mankhwala ntchito kuteteza makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena spoilage ena, monga diluent inert, gasi zotakasika kuchotsa kutentha kapena mankhwala, komanso moto kapena kuphulika woletsa. Makampani chakudya, mafuta asafe ndi ntchito popewa spoilage, ndi madzi - kwa amaundana-kuyanika ndi kuzirala kachitidwe. Mu magetsi makampani mafuta chindiletsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi zochita zina mankhwala, pressurizes ndi m'chimake chingwe ndi kuteteza Motors lapansi. Mu zitsulo, asafe ntchito kuwotcherera ndi brazing, kuteteza makutidwe ndi okosijeni, carburization, ndi decarburization. Ngati mpweya anafooka kuti ntchito yopanga porous mphira, mapulasitiki ndi elastomers, ali ngati chopopera ku zitini aerosol, ndi kutitengera kuthamanga mu Jets madzi mafuta. Mu mankhwala, yozizira koopsa mofulumira ndi asafe ntchito kusunga magazi, mafupa, minofu, mabakiteriya ndi umuna. Iye anapeza ntchito mu kafukufuku cryogenic.

kugwirizana

Ambiri asafe ndi ntchito kupanga mankhwala. Ubwenzi patatu pakati pa maatomu a mchitidwe kuli kwamphamvu (226 kcal pa Mfuko la kawiri kuposa a haidrojini maselo), kuti asafe molekyulu nkomwe amalowa mankhwala ena.

Waukulu mafakitale njira fixation amafotokozera ndi Haber-Bosch ndondomeko kaphatikizidwe wa amoniya anayamba panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri, Germany kuchepetsa kudalira pa nitrate Chile. Pamafunikanso kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji NH ₃ - mpweya colorless ndi Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala, fungo akutivutitsa - mwachindunji ku zinthu zake.

Ambiri la ammonia ndi kutembenukira ku asidi nitric (HNO _3), ndi ku feteleza - kuphatikizapo esters asidi nitric, koloko phulusa (Na ₂ NKHA _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - madzi colorless ntchito ngati chopopera, ndipo ambiri mafakitale njira.

asidi nitric ndi aakulu mankhwala malonda pawiri la mchitidwe wa. Colorless, madzi kwambiri zikuwononga ntchito kupanga feteleza, utoto, mankhwala ndi mabomba. Ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - mchere asidi ammonia ndi nitric - ndi ambiri asafe feteleza chigawo.

Mpweya + asafe

C ndipamene mndandanda wa mpweya, oxides asafe, r Mukhoza. H. nitrous okusayidi (N ₂ Inu), umene uli wofanana ndi valence wa +1 okusayidi (NO) (+2) ndi woipa (NO ₂₎ (4). Ambiri amaona oyaka oxides asafe; iwo magwero chachikulu cha kuwonongeka mu mlengalenga. Nitrous oxide amatchedwanso kuseka gasi, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito popha ululu. Pamene Mpweya, izo zimayambitsa chipwirikiti wofatsa. Nitric okusayidi amachitira mofulumira ndi mpweya kupanga bulauni woipa wapakatikati mankhwala mu ulimi wa asidi nitric ndi oxidant amphamvu mankhwala zako ndi chopopera.

Komanso ntchito zina nitrides popangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi asafe pawiri pa kutentha okwera. Nitrides wa boron, titaniyamu, zirconium ndi tantalum ndi ntchito yapadera. Mmodzi crystalline mawonekedwe boron nitride (BN) Mwachitsanzo, si wolephera diamondi mu kuuma ndi oxidized chake choipa ntchito ngati mkulu-abrasive.

cyanides Mankwala muli CN gulu ^-. Haidrojeni cyanide kapena hydrocyanic asidi HCN, kwambiri loopsali ndi mpweya poizoni kwambiri ponena kuti woipa fumigation miyala mu njira zina mafakitale. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ ntchito ngati mankhwala wapakatikati ndi fumigation.

Azides ndi mankhwala amene ali ndi gulu la zitatu maatomu asafe -N _3. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi wosakhazikika champhamvu kwambiri zodabwitsa. Ena mwa iwo, monga azide patsogolo, PB (N _{3) 2,} ntchito detonators ndi primers. Azides, ngati halogens, mosavuta kucheza ndi zinthu zina kupanga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala.

Asafe ndi gawo la zikwi zingapo mankhwala organic. Ambiri a iwo anachokera ku amoniya, cyanide wa hydrogen, cyanogen, nitrous kapena asidi nitric. Amines, amino zidulo, amides Mwachitsanzo, anachokera ku amoniya kapena yogwirizana ndi izo. Nitroglycerine ndi nitrocellulose - nitric esters. Nitrite unakonzedwa ku asidi nitrous (HNO _2). Purines ndi alkaloids ndi heterocyclic mankhwala amene asafe m'malo chimodzi kapena zingapo mpweya maatomu.

Katundu ndi zochita

asafe ndi chiyani? Ndi colorless, odorless mpweya kumaundanitsa pa -195,8 ° C, colorless, otsika kukhuthala madzi. Mchitidwe alipo mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu N _2, akuimira mu mawonekedwe: N ::: N:, imene chomangira mphamvu wofanana 226 Kcal pa Mfuko, yokha mpweya monoxide (256 kilocalories pa Mole). Pachifukwa ichi, kutsegula mphamvu ya mpweya wa nitrogen maselo ndi mkulu, kotero mu zinthu zachilendo zinthu zimakhalanso inert. Komanso, kwambiri khola asafe molekyulu amathandiza kwambiri kuti Kusakhazikika thermodynamic mankhwala ambiri asafe, imene kugwirizana, ngakhale mphamvu zokwanira, koma asapita otsika asafe maselo.

Ndi posachedwapa, ndi luso mamolekyulu ndi asafe mosayembekezereka anapeza kutumikira monga ligands kwa mankhwala zovuta. The kuona kuti ena njira za ruthenium maofesi akhoza kuyamwa mlengalenga asafe zinachititsa kuti zimene pasanapite nthawi anapeza chosavuta ndi bwino njira kukonza amafotokozera.

Yogwira asafe akhoza akamagwira kudutsa kuthamanga mpweya otsika kudzera magetsi kumaliseche mkulu-voteji. mankhwala ndi Amber ndi mosavuta amachitira kuposa maselo, atomiki wa hydrogen, sulfure, phosphorous ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso amatha decomposing NO kuti N ₂ ndi O _2.

A kumvetsa zimene asafe, angathe kupeza chifukwa akuphatikizapo a pakompyuta amene ali ndi mawonekedwe 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p. Zisanu kunja elekitironi zipolopolo pang'ono pounika ndi mlandu chifukwa kuyang'anira ogwira nyukiliya anamva m'dera la utali wozungulira covalent. Asafe maatomu ndi ochepa ndipo ndi electronegativity mkulu, yomwe ili pakati pa carbon ndi oxygen. E kasinthidwe zikuphatikizapo zitatu kunja theka orbitals, kuwapangitsa kupanga atatu nsinga covalent. Choncho, asafe atomu ayenera kwambiri mkulu reactivity, n'kupanga ambiri zinthu zina khola mankhwala bayinare, makamaka pamene mchitidwe wina ndi zayamba osiyana electronegativity, amatipatsa kugwirizana kwambiri polarity. Pamene chinthu china electronegativity m'munsi polarity Ufumuyo kwa asafe atomu a tsankho mlandu zoipa, omwe amamasula ma elekitironi ake unshared nawo m'ndende kugwirizana. Pamene wina mchitidwe zambiri electronegative asafe tsankho mlandu zabwino zayamba zimasokoneza katundu mwiniwake wa molekyulu ndi. Pa polarity otsika chifukwa chifukwa cha electronegativity wofanana wina mchitidwe, kulankhulana angapo akanagonjetsa umodzi. Ngati atomiki kukula mismatch kumathandiza mapangidwe nsinga angapo kuti kupanga ubale umodzi angakhale ndi ofooka, ndi kugwirizana ndi osakhazikika.

umagwirira mawunikidwe

Kawirikawiri kuchuluka kwa asafe mu osakaniza mpweya zingadziŵike ndi kuyeza buku pambuyo mayamwidwe zigawo zina za reagents mankhwala. Kuwonongeka kwa asidi sulfuric pamaso pa Mercury nitrate akumasula okusayidi nitric, amene angathe kuyeza ngati mpweya. Asafe ndi anamasulidwa mankhwala organic pamene nazitentha pa okusayidi ndi mkuwa, ndipo asafe ufulu akhoza anayeza monga mpweya pambuyo mayamwidwe wa mankhwala ena kuyaka. A odziwika bwino Kjeldahl njira kuona zinthu panopa mu mankhwala organic tichipeza mu decomposing pawiri ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi (optionally munali mankhwala enaake kapena okusayidi ake, ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana). Choncho asafe ndi kutembenukira ku sulphate ammonium. Powonjezera ndi sodium hydroxide zimatulutsa amoniya, amene Akusonkhanitsa ndi asidi ochiritsira; ndi yotsalira kuchuluka kwa asidi unreacted ndiye anatsimikiza mtima titration.

Tizilombo ndi thupi kufunika

Udindo wa asafe pa nkhani moyo akutsimikiza ntchito zake zokhudza thupi la mankhwala organic. zamoyo zambiri amoyo ntchito imeneyi mchitidwe mankhwala chiyenera ndi mwayi mankhwala ake. Choncho, asafe fixation n'kofunika. Mu chikhalidwe, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha njira ziwiri zofunika kwambiri. Limodzi ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ngati zamagetsi ku mlengalenga, kotero kuti asafe ndi mpweya mamolekyulu dissociate, kulola ufulu maatomu kupanga NO ndi NO _2. Woipa ndiye amachitira ndi madzi: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ O → 2HNO ₃ + NO.

HNO ₃ uli kusungunuka ndipo akubwera ku dziko ndi mvula mu mawonekedwe a mowa ofooka. M'kupita kwa asidi chakhala mbali ya ophatikizana asafe nthaka yomwe kwatha kupanga nitrites ndi ku feteleza. The zili N mu dothi nakulitsa zambiri anachira mwa umuna munali feteleza komanso salt ammonium. Sapota nyama ndi zomera ndiponso kuwonongeka awo akubwerera ndi asafe pawiri mu nthaka ndi mpweya.

Wina akuluakulu achilengedwe Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi ntchito yofunika wa nyemba. Chifukwa kudalirana ndi mabakiteriya, zikhalidwe awa angathe kusintha mumlengalenga asafe mwachindunji mu mankhwala ake. Ena tizilombo, monga Azotobacter Chroococcum ndi Clostridium pasteurianum, amatha kukonza N. awo

mpweya wokha, pokhala inert, wopanda choipa, koma pamene iwo kupuma opanikizika, ndipo kusungunuka mu magazi ndi madzi ena a m'thupi pa woipa apamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa zotsatira mankhwala, ndipo ngati zoipazi yafupika mofulumira kwambiri asafe owonjezera adzamasulidwa monga thovu mpweya pa malo zosiyana za thupi. Zimenezi zingachititse kupweteka minofu ndi mafupa, kukomoka, tsankho ziwalo ngakhale imfa. zizindikiro zimenezi zimatchedwa decompression matenda. Choncho, anthu amene amakakamizidwa kupuma mpweya zikachitika ayenera kukhala odekha kwambiri kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa munthu wabwinobwino kwa asafe owonjezera kunja m'mapapo popanda mapangidwe thovu. A zina ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito osakaniza breathable mpweya ndi helium. Helium ndi zochepa sungunuka mthupi, ndi chiopsezo amachepetsa.

isotopes

Asafe alipo awiri isotopes khola ¹⁴ N (99,63%) ndi ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Iwo akhoza ankasiyana kuwombola mankhwala kapena mayamwidwe matenthedwe. asafe misa mu mawonekedwe a nyukiliya isotope yokumba ndi mu osiyanasiyana 10-13 ndi 16-24. Khola kwambiri theka moyo wa mphindi 10. Choyamba chongopeka anachititsa transmutation nyukiliya anapangidwa mu 1919 ndi wasayansi British Ernest Rutherford, amene bombarding asafe 14 alpha-particles analandira phata 17 mpweya ndi mapulotoni.

katundu

Pomaliza lembani katundu yaikulu ya asafe:

• Atomic number: 7.
• Atomiki kulemera kwa asafe: 14,0067.
• Limatsogolera mfundo: -209,86 ° C.
• Kuwira mfundo: -195,8 ° C.
• Kachulukidwe (1 ATM, 0 ° C): magalamu 1,2506 wa asafe pa lita.
• Ochiritsira makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la -3, +3, +5.
• Elekitironi kasinthidwe: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p.