Boris Chertok, ndi Soviet ndi Russian wasayansi-mlengi: yonena zolemba

Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, Russia wapanga a nyenyezi lonse la maphunziro, techies wanzeru, amene chopereka kuti agonjetse chilengedwe sangathe n'kofunika. Akukhulupirira kuti wasayansi-mlengi Boris Evseevich Chertok akutenga malo apadera pakati pawo. Wake zapaderazi zitsulo wapadera kamangidwe "Mitima" zida - machitidwe kasamalidwe. chidwi Ankapereka kwa chitukuko ndi Kanema aya.

M'malo mwa twente-chinayi choyamba

Anabadwa mu 1912, Pasanapite nthawi October kuukira boma, Chertok wafa posachedwapa (mu 2011). Moyo pafupifupi zaka moyo maganizo kusuntha - ndi zedi! "Tiyenera ntchito ngati n'zotheka kuti athandize anthu - ichi ndi chinsinsi," - anati Chertok. Boris Evseevich mbiri yomwe inayamba mu Lodz (Poland lero, monga kale ili m'mayiko a Russian Ufumu), anadza ku dziko lino la makumi awiri ndi chinayi wa February. Kupanga umboni makolo anati woyamba wa March.

1914 - nthawi pamene otaya othawa akuthawa zoopsa kuti ananyamula First World nkhondo. Kuthaŵa zikuchitika lowopsya la Nkhondo ya Lodz, onyamula mu mikono yake ndi mwana wamng'ono, makolo ankaganiza chinthu chimodzi chokha: bwanji kuti apulumuke. Patapita zaka, mnyamata amakhala academician, dziko mwapang'ono. Dzina la Hero wa Socialist Labor, wogwira mphoto zambiri m'gulu osati mndandanda wa "The Best opanga ndege Russian," koma mu masanjidwe dziko minda malo ofufuza.

Changu Chertok njira anatuluka sukulu. Devyatiletki anamaliza mu 1929. Komabe, chaka chapitacho mu magazini "Radio onse" anabwera chitukuko woyamba wa mnyamata wophweka Soviet (konsekonse chubu wailesi).

Pa njira kwa dipuloma sekondale

Mu naintini handiredi chaka thirtieth a mnyamatayo anabwera ndege yaikulu ogwira ntchito za dziko - chomera nambala 22. MEI (Energy Institute) maphunziro okha mu za makumi anai ndi digiri okonza magetsi. Ndi nthawi kalembera kumene-katswiri anali munthu setifiketi pa njira yofunika ukadaulo (iwo supersereznye kutenga osachepera yaotomatiki kumasulidwa zida, kapolo anzeru zamagetsi).

Khulupirirani mwa anzake, "patsogolo" dipuloma sekondale. Mu umodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi chaka makumi atatu ndi kasanu ndi luso ophunzira ganyu (lisanathe yunivesite kugwiritsa masana) akatswiri mu KB, pamene mfumu ndipo mulungu anali Victor Bolkhovitinov (ndi 1936 Design Bureau anachita pa malo a mbewu nambala 84 mu 1939 - pa ogwira № 293 Khimki).

Apa Boris Chertok ntchito kwa zaka nkhondo, kuyambira khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi makumi anai. A mbiri wolemera lili mfundo izi: a katswiri zamagetsi (kutsogolera injiniya), anali wokonzeka kuuluka magalimoto mbalame za agonjetsi tsogolo la North Pole (mutu "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov), ndipo agwireni galimoto Sigismund Levanevskogo, kumene wolimba anapanga ndege yosayimayima USSR - America.

The achoke

Mu Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich kulenga ntchito yapadera magetsi. Kuchokera pa iwo, Onse-Union Electrotechnical Institute anasonkhana zitsanzo za zida phunziro kwa kuyezetsa kuyeza. Zochita akutulukira zida chofunika asilikali zoponya mabomba lolemera zida ndi magudumu yodalirika ndege Motors magetsi AC.

Anthu ambiri akudziwa dzina la Academician Claudia Shenfera. Anayamba kuyenda dipatimenti ya makina magetsi Zamagetsi Institute ndipo anathandiza achinyamata katswiri. Masitepe kuti litsatira choyambirira ndege machitidwe bwino analonjeza. Koma mitambo anali kusonkhanitsa: nkhondo inayambika ndi Aisiraeli.

Mu naintini makumi mmodzi, makampani zofunika kwambiri chitetezo anasamutsidwa mmbuyo. ndodo ambiri ndi zida zoyambirira za zomera nambala 293 NII-1 NCAP mongoyembekezera anakakhala dera Bilimbai Sverdlovsk. Boris Chertock anakumbukira mmene thupi ntchito pa kutentha mpweya opanda madigiri 50, ndi kusala (wodzichepetsa chakudya sali opulumutsidwa).

M'chaka cha 1945 ku Germany ndi pempho utumiki kutumiza gulu lapadera la asayansi. Tinayenera mokoma kufufuza zokoma German rocketry. timu ankapita ndi Chertok. Boris Evseevich ulemu anatumikira ntchito pamaso wachiwiri mu 1947. Iye ndi Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev anayesetsa Thuringia, olamulidwa mphamvu mphamvu wopambana wa USSR, kampani chinatseguka "nkhungubwi" ( "Mtumiki"). dziko unaphwasukiratu nkhondo itatha, ndipo anapita ndi mayendedwe a Soviet-German anayambitsa roketi mu citadel Nazi!

The ulamuliro wa Hitler mu 1944-mamita makampani roketi anapanga makampani ano. Zidzasintha chitukuko asayansi German anakankhira chifukwa chodziwa ntchito kafukufuku wa USSR ndi United States. Chertock ndi anzake apanga kugonjetsedwa chipangizo kwa poyatsira wa osakaniza mafuta mpweya. Kufufuza Zovuta anali dongosolo avant-garde. Zamagetsi poyatsira LRE (madzi kapena injini mankhwala roketi) anali yojambula. Zachilendo anakumana limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi anai chachiwiri, kukhazikitsa pafupi-womenya "B-1" (makolo Mlengi - ndi Bereznyak Isaev). The mafuta ntchito asidi nitric ndi palafini.

msonkhano amazikonda

NII-1 ayambe malangizo ofunika, "pansi pa nthaka" zida ulamuliro dongosolo kalasi (intercontinental ballistic losatha). Mu 1946, pa maziko a "Rab" anayamba anayambitsa "mzinda wa Nordhausen" (komanso m'gulu "Montana" imene anamasulidwa "V-22, ndi patsinde Leestene) Tchulani Mkulu wa akatswiri okonza kampani kenako anaphunzira lonse dziko - SP. Korolev (Chief mlengi wa roketi ndi danga makampani wa USSR).

Kuyambira 1946 mpaka 1950, Boris Evseevich ophatikizana ntchito ziwiri; anali wachiwiri Chief Mlengi Sergei Korolev ndi mutu wa dipatimenti ya kachitidwe kasamalidwe NII 88 Dept. a magulu ankhondo okhala ndi zida za Union of Soviet Socialist mayiko. Mu 1951 - Mutu Choyamba Design Bureau machitidwe kasamalidwe. Wotchuka Russian opanga ndege Chertok, Korolyov ndipo anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi tsiku pachibwenzi imfa ya m'modzi wa iwo (yotsirizira sanali mu 1966).

Udindo wachiwiri wa munthu woyamba

"Sapota-kuchokera" ku NII 88 (1956) linali lofunika kwa munthu palokha kampani atsopano otchedwa "Experimental Design Bureau nambala 1". Kuyambira 1957 1963. Boris Chertok - dzanja lamanja Sergeya Koroleva, mkulu wa bungwe limeneli.

D. T. N. Chertok mu 1963 analimbikitsidwa kuti kazembe munthu woyamba pa ogwira ntchito sayansi. ntchito ndi imodzi walunjika nthambi nambala 1, umene unali pachimake kukhala nthambi ndi machitidwe ulamuliro wawo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi anakhala mlengi mkulu Vasily Mishin. Anakumana ndi wanzeru Boris Chertok anali wachiwiri wake, kuphatikiza kuyang'anira zovuta CDB Experimental Engineering.

Kuyambira 1974 mpaka 1992. - Wachiwiri kwa Wamkulu (pambuyo General) constructor sayansi-mafakitale zovuta "Mphamvu" pa machitidwe ulamuliro (SPC - kale OKB-1, ndiye TSBKEM lotsogoleredwa ndi V. Mishin, mu zaka osiyana, Glushko, Semenov).

n'kofunika

Ndi limodzi zikwi mazana asanu ndi anayi chaka chachitatu ndiponso asanachoke dziko lina (2011) Ace kuthekera "moto m'chilengedwe chonse," Boris Chertok kupereka malangizo akatswiri kwa mlengi ambiri roketi ndi Space Corporation "Energia" chikutchedwa S. P. Koroleva (poyamba - OKB-1 ).

Kufufuza mapazi a ulendo wautali, mapeto akusonyeza palokha: zochitika zonse za sayansi ndi katswiri - ndi kuzindikira zolingalira njira umalimbana akuphunzitsa maroketi ndi spacecraft ngati ulamuliro levers, amene ndidzawapanga iwo angathe kuthawa yaitali.

The sukulu analenga wasayansi waluntha, komabe onyadira ndi zochokera mu chitukuko cha mayendedwe latsopano la sayansi. Pa adzaweruzidwa pa mlingo anafika ndi luso zoweta danga, panali munthu. Chertok anayamba chiphunzitso chakuti wosasinthika nyumba, gulu la ulimi wa magiya chiwongolero ndi actuators.

Onse palokha ndipo logwirizana

mafunso ofunika chisankho anakhudza pofuna ya chiphunzitso ndi luso roketi ndi danga pagalimoto. Inasanduka imathandiza popanga njira zovuta zombo docking anaonekera hydraulics ndi digito kulamulira ndi zina zambiri. munthuyo mosalekeza kukhala mu mlengalenga.

Chertok Boris Evseevich ndi anzake anayamba ndizosowa wotha kulinganiza kapangidwe ka yoyenda yokha monga mbali ya dongosolo wogwirizana nkhondo intercontinental. ntchito zawo lingamutsatire anapanga zenizeni rockets kwa kukulozani ndi payload (TV).

Mozama tinayamba kuphunzira linanena bungwe kugawa zithunzi za kulephera kwa zipangizo luso ndi nyumba (kudalirika chiphunzitso). Iwo anayamba kunena momveka bwino zimayambitsa ndi dongosolo la vuto. adzatumpha Mkhalidwe kwachititsa kuti maonekedwe a R-7 intercontinental ballistic chida. mfundo Komanso angwiro pa zosintha za chozizwitsa cha zida za nkhondo.

Kumbukirani onse, ndinakumbukira onse

Mu 1999 anafalitsa buku linasindikizidwa amene analipo monographs anayi. Kuyambira pamenepo mpaka tsopano ndi mabuku oyenda malonda kwambiri, "Space insaikulopediya" amene akulota kuti akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri owerenga wamba. Pa chikuto cha wopepuka anasonyeza: "." "B. E. Chertok" maroketi ndi Anthu Lingaliro ndi osavuta, koma zovuta!

Mkazi wa mlengi Catherine Golubkina (1910-2004) analimbikira kuti mwamuna wake, amene ntchito ntchito kwa zaka zambiri zobisika pansi pa "wachinsinsi," anati ana a anthu amene anali kugwira ntchito limodzi. Asayansi otchuka apanga roketi ndi sayansi danga, kulenga sankadziwika nthambi ya makampani.

Pamaso pa anthu a m'nthawi XXI anabwera kukumbukira chidali cha mapangidwe mafakitale. Nditawerenga buku loyamba, n'zotheka kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane njira ya wotanganidwa duel chifukwa: Soviet asayansi motsutsa akatswiri British ndi American.

M'buku nambala 2 Mlengi za nthawi otentha umene unachitika pa Launch wa spacecraft makina Lapansi mu geocentric kanjira (yokumba Kanema), pa ndege zipangizo wosangalatsa, kutsogolo kwa mwezi, Venus, Mars. Ndithu masamba angapo Amakonda mbiri ya "East", onyamula mu mtunda zosadziwika ulendo, Yuri Gagarin.

uthenga kwa mbadwa

Mu buku lachitatu, Boris Chertok amafotokoza mmene munthu Soviet upainiya polenga okwerera yozungulira. Mu West ndi USSR zalembedwa nkhani zambiri ndi mabuku pa mbiriyakale ya dziko la wopambana pulogalamu sosholisimu danga. Pali maganizo kuti chokumbukira academician Boris Chertok anakhala kwambiri nkhani zosiyanasiyana. buku lakuti "The roketi ndi munthu" mobwerezabwereza tinalisindikizanso mu dziko ndi kunja.

Mu otsiriza, wachinayi monograph wasayansi ndi nkhani zochititsa chidwi za pulogalamu, kuphimba nthawi kuchokera 1968 mpaka 1974, pamene akutiakuti anatsatira chigonjetso cha America kuphunzira Dziko Lapansi yapafupi Kanema - Mwezi.

Imodzi mwa mbali zimasiyanitsa buku ili ndi nkhani za chiyambi cha ntchito Union, umene unayamba akuyendera 1970 pa ntchito yomanga siteshoni danga "Salyut" ndipo pomalizira ndi Mipikisano gawo "Mir" zovuta (1980).

Mitu kwambiri losaiwalika zokhudzana ndi tsoka la "Soyuz 11", amene adapha opita Dobrovolsky, Volkov ndi Patsaev. Buku umatha ndi malongosoledwe a mapeto a dongosolo N-1 ndi kubadwa kwa ISS "Energia-Buran" pansi Glushko. Iwo analanda ndingaliro kuzindikira ndale, luso, komanso nkhondo pa nthawi imene Soviet danga pulogalamu unafika pachimake.

Mu zikwi ziwiri naini, njira yoyamba ya kanema Russian anakonza kuyamba kwa zopelekedwa TV Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Kuwomberedwa mu chilengedwe chonse. " Mwamuna wamkulu, wogwira mphoto zambiri, chikumbumtima cha akatswiri onse a nthawi yathu ino, monga nthawi yonse, zoona, popanda kumupweteka aliyense, osati onyoza kuganiza za moyo ndi zokumana nazo. Mu chimango otsiriza, anapepesa kwa asayansi achinyamata chakuti m'badwo wake sidawapulumutse wamphamvu - USSR.