Spacesuits chombo: ntchito chipangizo. The suti loyamba

Spacesuits chombo - sikungokhudza amaveka mishoni mu kanjira. Woyamba wa adawoneka m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri. Iyo inali nthawi imene ku malo ndege pafupifupi theka la zana. Komabe, asayansi anazindikira kuti chitukuko cha malo zakuthambo, mawu amene amasiyana alipidwa wathu, mosalephera. N'chifukwa chake mishoni tsogolo anabwera ndi wokayenda pamwezi chovala, okhoza kuteteza munthu ku malo komwe wakupha iye.

Lingaliro la spacesuit ndi

zipangizo ulendo danga chiyani? Spacesuit - ndi mtundu wa chozizwitsa cha luso. Ndi kakang'ono danga siteshoni kugawikana mawonekedwe a thupi.

The spacesuit ano okonzeka ndi lonse dongosolo thandizo wokayenda pamwezi moyo. Koma ngakhale zovuta chipangizo, zonse zili m'menemo ndi yaying'ono ndi zinamangidwa.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Mawu "suti" ali mizu French. Lowani mfundo akufuna mu 1775 Abbot masamu Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. Kumene, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 m'mlengalenga mu mlengalenga, palibe ngakhale akulakalaka. Mawu "suti" limatanthauza Greek "bwato-anthu", anaganiza kutsatira zipangizo pamadzi.

Mkubwela kwa zaka danga lingaliro ili anamugwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha Chirasha. Only apa amamuonera tanthauzo losiyana pang'ono. Mamuna atoma kukwera apamwamba ndi apamwamba. Pa nkhani imeneyi panali kufunika kwa zipangizo zina zapadera. Choncho, pamalo okwera makilomita asanu izo ofunda zovala ndi mpweya chigoba. Mtunda mu uthunthu wa mamita zikwi khumi chifukwa dontho kuthamanga amafuna kanyumba pressurized ndi suti akulipira. Apo ayi, pamene depressurization woyendetsa kuwala adzaleka kuyamwa mpweya. Chabwino, ngati inu kupita apamwamba? Pankhaniyi, muyenera danga suti. Iye ayenera kukhala zolimba kwambiri. Pamene kuthamanga mkati suti ya (peresenti zambiri mkati 40 mumlengalenga) osathandiza woyendetsa.

Mu 1920s, ndi chiwerengero cha nkhani ya English physiologist Dzhona Holdena. Mu wolemba anafunsidwa ntchito masuti za mitundu mitundu kuteteza thanzi ndi moyo wa balloonists. Iye anafuna ngakhale kukhazikitsa mfundo zawo. Iye anamanga suti amenewa ndi kuyesedwa mu chipinda kuthamanga, pomwe limapezeka kuthamanga lolingana okwera 25,6 Km. Komabe, ntchito yomanga balloons kuti akhoza adzauka mu stratosphere - osati zosangalatsa wotchipa. Ndipo zibaluni American Mark Ridge, amene anali ntchito ndi zovala wapadera, zikutanthauza, mwatsoka, si anasonkhana. N'chifukwa chake suti atagwidwa mu kugonana osati anayesedwa.

Development asayansi Soviet

Mu dziko lathu anali ndawala spacesuit injiniya Evgeniy Chertovsky, amene anali membala wa Institute of Aviation Medicine. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, kuyambira 1931 mpaka 1940, iye anayamba 7 zitsanzo zida losindikizidwa. Yoyamba Soviet injiniya anaganiza sayenda vuto. chakuti pakhale munthu wina kutalika spacesuit afika. Pambuyo pake, woyendetsa anakakamizika kuyesetsa kwambiri kwa chabe kukhotetsa mwendo kapena mkono. N'chifukwa chake chitsanzo B-2 udaikidwa monga injiniya ndi kumadalira pa.

Mu 1936, Baibulo latsopano zida danga. Ndi chitsanzo B-3, munali pafupifupi mfundo pano mu masuti amakono ntchito opita Russian. Yesani njira imeneyi, kuwapatsa zipangizo zina zapadera zinachitika 19.05.1937 Mu yoponya mabomba katundu TB-3 ntchito ngati galimoto.

Kuyambira 1936, a chombo danga masuti amenewa anayamba ndi akatswiri wamng'ono wa Institute hydrodynamic Central. Mwa ichi iwo anauziridwa kuyamba Wazopeka Zasayansi kanema "Space Ulendo", olengedwa mwa mgwirizano ndi Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

The suti woyamba ndi index luso ndi ndani mmwamba-1 akatswiri achinyamata linapangidwa chopangidwa ndi kuyesedwa mu 1937 monga kuganiza ngakhale kunja zida izi zikusonyeza ikupita zakuthambo. Mu chitsanzo choyamba cha kulumikiza m'munsi ndi chapamwamba mbali ya lamba inaperekedwa cholumikizira. Perekani ndithu mfundo sayenda phewa. Izi jekete suti unapangidwa awiri wosanjikiza rubberized nsalu.

A zina chimake suti pamaso osiyana yoyenda yokha kusinthika dongosolo, cholinga kwa maola 6 ntchito mosalekeza. Luso ndi ndani-STEPS-8 - Mu 1940, otsiriza chisanadze nkhondo Soviet spacesuit analengedwa. Chiyesedwe cha zida ikuchitika padziko womenya 153.

Chilengedwe cha ulimi wapadera

Mu zaka lonse itatha, kuyamba kupanga masuti danga intercepted Institute Research Flight. akatswiri ake ndalandira ntchito kupanga zovala, anaikira oyendetsa ndege, kugonjetsa liwiro latsopano ndi okwera. Komabe, kwa kuŵeta wa bungwe limodzi sikunali kokwanira. N'chifukwa chake mu October 1952 injiniya Aleksandrom Boyko Dipatimenti wapadera analengedwa. Iye anali mu Tomilino wakunja kwatawuni, mbewu nambala 918. Masiku ano, mmera otchedwa NPP "Zvezda". Pa nthawi imene suti Gagarin analengedwa.

Zouluka m'mlengalenga

Mu 1950s mochedwa, ndi nyengo yatsopano ya chitukuko cha malo zakuthambo. Inali nthawi imeneyi akatswiri Soviet kapangidwe anayamba angagwiritse ndi "Vostok" - woyamba danga galimoto. Komabe, poyamba anakonza kuti danga Cholinga cha chombo sadzakhala ndi chifukwa roketi izi. woyendetsa amayenera kukhala mu wapadera airtight chidebe, amene adzakhetsedwa anasiyanitsidwa ankafika kwa mbadwa kapisozi. Komabe, zolinga zimenezi sizinasangalatse wolemera kwambiri ndi Komanso, anafuna khalidwe mayesero yaitali. N'chifukwa chake dongosolo mkati mwa "East" mu August 1960, wakhala redesigned.

Sergei Korolev Bureau akatswiri zasintha chidebe pa mpando ejection. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chombo tsogolo anafunika kutetezedwa mu mwambo depressurization. Ndipo iyo inali suti. Komabe, nthawi docking ake ndi maboma ndege analibe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, onse kuti kunali koyenera kuti chakudya woyendetsa sitima, aikidwa mwachindunji mu mpando.

The spacesuits woyamba chombo ankatchedwa SC-1. m'munsi okwera awo suti, "Vorkuta" watengedwa, anaikira womenya-interceptor Lamulungu-9 ndege. Complete kukhazikitsanso pansi chokha zisoti. Iwo anakhazikitsa njira kuti asaaonerera sensa. Ngati kuthamanga suti yomweyo slams ndi visor mandala.

Zipangizo chombo anapanga mfundo payekha. Pakuti ndege yoyamba analengedwa amene anasonyeza mlingo bwino maphunziro. Izi atatu mwa atsogoleri, zimene zinaphatikizapo Yuri Gagarin, German Titov ndi Grigory Nelyubov.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chombo danga lina anapita suti. Mmodzi wa masuti wapadera SC-1 mtundu watumidwa mu kanjira pa awiri opanda imalankhula mayeso a "Vostok" m'mlengalenga, unachitikira mu March 1961 Kuwonjezera pa akachoka experimental pa bolodi anali mannequin "Ivan Ivanovich", atavala suti. Mwa bere la munthu uyu yokumba anaika khola ndi nkhumba mbira ndi mbewa. Ndipo kuti ankafika mboni nthawi zina sanamvere "Ivan Ivanovich" kwa mlendo, ndi piritsi anaikidwa pansi pa visor zankhondo wake ndi mawu akuti "Kamangidwe".

The masuti SC-1 ntchito asanu panali ulendo wa "Vostok". Komabe, chombo mkazi akhoza kuuluka iwo. Kwa iwo, chitsanzo SC-2 analengedwa. Choyamba anapeza ntchito pa ndege za "Vostok-6". Ife chopangidwa zida, kutenga nkhani za peculiarities wa kapangidwe wamkazi thupi lake Valentina Tereshkova.

Development wa akatswiri American

Atsatire dongosolo "Mercury" US okonza ndinaganizira akatswiri Union, motero kupanga maganizo awo. Choncho, choyamba American danga suti nkhani Popeza kuti chombo mu danga m'tsogolo yaitali mu kanjira.

Mlengi Rassel Kolli wapanga wapadera zovala Navy Mark, poyamba anafuna kuti ndege la ndege la panyanja ndege. Mosiyana ndi zitsanzo zina, zovala anali kugawa anali kulemera wotsika. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi mapologalamu danga kapangidwe takhala tikusintha kuti kwenikweni bwanji chipangizo zisoti.

The masuti America kutsimikiziridwa kudalirika kwawo. kamodzi kokha, pamene kapisozi "Mercury-4" galimoto ndipo adayamba kumira, zida pafupifupi imawonongeka ndi wokayenda pamwezi Virgil Grissona. Woyendetsa sadzachitanso anatha kutuluka, motalika bwanji sanathe sakukhudzidwa ndi adakwera machitidwe moyo thandizo.

Pangani kumbali-yekha masuti

Chifukwa kofulumiraku chitukuko cha danga anafunika kupanga zovala apadera. Ndipotu zitsanzo woyamba anali kokha kupulumutsidwa. Chifukwa chakuti amagwira kwa dongosolo moyo thandizo la spacecraft zinakhazikitsa, chombo mu danga zida ngati sakanatha kupita. Kutuluka panja danga zakuthambo kunali koyenera kumanga ndi kudzikonda zili danga suti. Izi kuchita okonza wa USSR ndi USA.

America pansi pulogalamu yake danga "Gemini" kulenga Mabaibulo atsopano a masuti G3C, G4C, ndi g5c. Wachiwiri wa iwo anafuna spacewalks. Ngakhale kuti spacesuits onse US unali olumikizidwa kwa omwe adakwera dongosolo moyo thandizo, kudzikonda zili wagawo inamangidwa mu iwo. Ngati ndi kotheka, zingakhale zinthu zokwanira kuthandiza wokayenda pamwezi moyo mwa theka la ola.

The suti G4C 03.06.1965 kanatuluka lotseguka malo American Edvard Uayt. Komabe, iye sanali upainiya. Kwa miyezi iwiri ndi theka pamaso pafupi ndi chombo anapita ku malo Alexei Leonov. Ndege umenewu, akatswiri Soviet anayamba suti ya "Berkut". Ndi wosiyana NC-1 ndi kukhalapo kwa containment chachiwiri. Komanso, suti anali Zaplechny chikwama, okonzeka ndi zonenepa mpweya, ndi chisoti ophatikizidwa fyuluta.

Pamene danga lotseguka munthu chikugwirizana boti asanu mita chingwe, monga mbali ya adali ndi chipangizo damping, mawaya amagetsi, zitsulo waya ndi payipi kwa kotunga mwadzidzidzi oxygen. kunja mbiri danga zakuthambo zinachitika 18.03.1965, Alexei Leonov chinali kunja kwa spacecraft kwa mphindi 23. 41 gawo.

The masuti kwa kufufuza cha Moon

Pambuyo chitukuko wa mpita dziko lapansi munthu anathamangira kutsogolo. Ndipo cholinga chake choyamba chinali kuchititsa utumwi mwezi. Koma izi zofunika masuti wapadera malo yoyenda yokha, amene adzakhala ndzidzi kwa maola ochepa. Zinalengedwa ndi America pa "Apollo" chitukuko pulogalamu. masuti izi amateteza chombo kuchokera kutenthedwa dzuwa kuchokera micrometeorites. Baibulo poyamba spacesuits mwezi wotchedwa A5L. Komabe, patapita wakhala bwino. Mabaibulo atsopano A6L anapereka kutentha kutchinjiriza jekete. Version A7L anali fireproof chimake.

spacesuits mwezi ndi yofunika zovala Mipikisano magawo, anali mafupa kusintha zopangidwa mphira. Cuffs ndi kolala ndi zitsulo mphete kwa kuphatikana losindikizidwa magolovesi ndi zisoti. masuti buttoned ntchito zipper ofukula sewn ku groin m'khosi.

America phazi pa Moon 21.07.1969, pa ulendowu, anapeza ntchito masuti A7L.

Ife mwezi ndi opita Soviet. Chifukwa ntchito ndi kulenga spacesuits "Merlin." Zinali theka-okhwima buku la suti, amene lapadera chitseko. The wokayenda pamwezi anali kukwera mmenemo, atavala choncho zida. Ine chitseko kuchokera mkati. Chifukwa chaichi chaperekedwa mbali ndalezo ndi zovuta chiwembu cha zingwe. Mkati suti anali ndi moyo thandizo dongosolo. Mwatsoka, ulendo pa Moon ndi opita Union ndipo analephera. Koma cholinga kuti zigwirizane flights otero kenako ntchito mu chitukuko cha zitsanzo zina.

Zipangizo zombo zatsopano

kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Soyuz" Kuyambira mu 1967, Soviet Union anayamba. Awa anali magalimoto cholinga kwa chilengedwe cha okwerera yozungulira. Nthawi imene iwo chombo zonse kuchuluka.

"Union" udakhala suti "Hawk" chifukwa choulukira ngalawa. kusiyana kwake ku "Berkut" chinachitika mu kapangidwe moyo thandizo dongosolo. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo kufalitsa mix kupuma anapanga mkati suti ya. Apa, izo ndi kutsukidwa kwa Mankhwala oipitsa ndi mpweya ndi ndiye utakhazikika.

The watsopano kupulumutsidwa suti "Sokol-K" anagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege za "Soyuz-12" mu September 1973 More zitsanzo zapamwamba wa zozitetezera anagula ngakhale nthumwi malonda ku China. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamene inu muyenda spacecraft zinakhazikitsa "Shanchzhou" chombo ali momwemo anavala zida, ndi amatikumbutsa wa nyemba Russian.

Pakuti spacewalk okonza Soviet analenga malo suti "Orlan". Ndi wodziimira theka-okhwima zida, ofanana paphale "gyrfalcon". N'kuikapo komanso akubwera pakhomo kumbuyo. Koma, mosiyana ndi "Krechet", "mphungu" anali konsekonse. manja ake ndi miyendo Pant mosavuta kusintha kutalika chofunika.

The spacesuits "Orlan" ndi zouluka osati Russian opita. Potsatira chitsanzo cha zida za Chinese apanga awo "Feitian". Mu iwo, adatuluka kumka ku malo lotseguka.

The masuti a m'tsogolo

Pakali pano, NASA kusiyana danga pulogalamu yatsopano. Zikuphatikizapo flights kuti asteroids, mwezi, ndi ulendo ku Mars. N'chifukwa chake anapitiriza kukula kwa zosintha zatsopano masuti, amene m'tsogolo adzakhala ndi kulumikiza ku makhalidwe onse abwino a masuti ntchito ndi zida kupulumutsidwa. Pa zimene zosinthika adzaleka kutukula, izo akadali osadziwika.

Mwina adzakhala amphamvu zolimba zida amateteza munthu ku zinthu zoipa kunja, mwinamwake, umisiri wamakono kulola kulenga chipolopolo konsekonse, kukongola kuti adzayamikiridwa ndi chombo tsogolo wamkazi.