Bowa Unicellular ndi udindo wawo chikhalidwe

zamoyo tating'ono anadziwika munthu yekha mkubwela zipangizo kubukitsa. Koma masiku ano, iwo - maziko a maphunziro zachibadwa kudzikundikira chuma ongolankhula pa nkhani zambiri sayansi, maselo zamoyo, chibadwa. Pali osiyana zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Bowa - mmodzi wa iwo. Si onse kumene, koma ndithu mbali yaikulu. Nkhaniyi adzayang'ana pa zimene oimira ali m'gulu la bowa yosavuta zimene katundu ndi makhalidwe ali nazo.

Bowa ndi unicellular ndi multicellular: makhalidwe ambiri

Wa onse asanu maufumu a chikhalidwe bowa - wodabwitsa. Chinthu ndi kudziwa udindo taxonomic zomera kapena nyama wosavuta. Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina mosiyana anakonza, kotero nawo pa zolakwa zonse sangakhale.

Ndipo bowa kokha - izi ndi zinthu zovuta kuti ndi kwa nthawi yaitali sizinali za Ufumu iliyonse. Poyamba ankatengedwa zomera, monga wopanda chlorophyll. More kafukufuku wa posachedwapa wasonyeza kuti mu kugwa kwa malonda awo ali urea, ndi khoma selo anapeka kwakukulukulu a chitin. Pankhaniyi, chimbudzi kunja, ndi michere ambiri ofanana ndi amene amapangidwa ndi thupi la nyama.

zizindikiro izi mwachionekere akulankhula za bowa linali la nyama. Komanso, anadziwika kuti unicellular amatha kuumba bowa Division amatope (amatope) ikuyenda malangizo a chakudya ndi kuwala akamaziwononga. Izi zikutsimikizira kamodzinso mu zamoyo ndi nyama kugawana kholo limodzi.

Zonsezi zapangitsa chakuti bowa anali zimachitika kumwamba osiyana chikhalidwe. Mbali ambiri chizindikiritso zawo:

• multicore pamaso unicellular kapena multicellular mycelium;
• hyphae - filaments woonda angathe yokhotakhota kupanga fruiting thupi ndi mycelium;
• heterotrophic njira kudya;
• chitin mpanda khungu;
• urea mu zikuchokera katundu zinthu kuwola;
• kusowa plastids;
• kubalana mwa spores.

Total Lero pali mitundu pafupifupi 250 zikwi za zinthu izi. Ambiri a iwo - tating'ono bowa.

Gulu la unicellular bowa

Ndi kuchuluka ngati pali kufunika mu gulu la. Choncho, ndipo anali systematized zonse zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa, zitsanzo zomwe angathe kuchepetsedwa ngati tikambirana gulu wathunthu.

Single lero kulibe, kotero olemba zosiyana chomwecho. Motero, kupereka magulu 4 chachikulu.

1. Deuteromycetes - amatchedwanso bowa ungwiro. Mulibe kugonana kubereka njira. Oimira sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, mitundu ya candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - zovuta zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa, ndi mycelium woimiridwa ndi nyumba yaitali nthambi munali mitima angapo. Oimira olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy ndi ena. Ambiri m'madzi kapena theka-m'madzi moyo, pokhala majeremusi za m'madzi ndi madzi nyama ndi zomera.
3. Zygomycetes - lililonse unicellular bowa, ena oimira mycelium ndi makoma pang'ono ofooka. Oimira Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy ndi ena. Ena mwa iwo ndi anthu a m'nthaka, ndipo majeremusi anthu, nyama ndi zomera.
4. Ascomycetes - kwambiri multicellular, koma palinso zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa. Zitsanzo: yisiti morels, truffles, mizere, ndi zina Parmelee. Iwo nalo dzina lake pa mbali structural awiri, amene ayitanidwa ascospores. Akuluakulu zimathera pa moyo wa luso kubereka, ndipo anawagawira mu Deuteromycetes, kuti ndi bowa ungwiro.

Aliyense dipatimenti ali peculiarities chake ndi makhalidwe, ndi mitundu zambiri yosiyanasiyana yekha. Mochititsa chidwi moyo, ndikofunika Ndalama. Komanso, bowa kusewera pa zinthu zachilengedwe m'chilengedwe.

Features dongosolo ndi njira ya moyo

Pamaso kuyankha funso: "Fotokozani ntchito ya bowa unicellular mu chilengedwe", muyenera kuganizira dongosolo anthuwo ndi moyo. Ndipotu, ndi kwa ichi ndi kudzadalira kodi phindu adzakhala ndi zamoyo ozungulira, kuphatikizapo anthu.

Motero, mbali structural wa bowa unicellular.

1. Mycelium kapena sunayambe konse, kapena ofooka kwambiri. Iwo akhoza ankaimira ndi Mipikisano pachimake kapena Gawo limodzi ndi phata limodzi.
2. Kubalana zambiri asexual, ngakhale kuti ambiri khalidwe la ndondomeko ya kugonana.
3. zoospores mu nthumwi za m'madzi anapanga (chytridiomycota), zomwe kusuntha momasuka madzi kudzera michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Mu ascomycetes matupi wapadera n'ngopatsirana matumba imene ascospores okhwima. chiwerengero chawo si upambana zidutswa zitatu.
4. Ena Zygomycetes nthaka kupanga mycorrhiza ndi mizu mtengo.
5. bowa ungwiro kulowa kudalirana ndi tizilombo, kupanga wathanzi Kombucha.

Ambiri, kapangidwe ka pafupifupi onse bowa, komanso dongosolo mkati foni ndi pafupifupi ofanana. Zilibe kanthu, wapamwamba kapena ungwiro. Choncho, chifukwa cha gulu ali nthawizonse chochitika chofunika - njira la kubalana.

Features moyo:

1. Ambiri - ziyenera ndi majeremusi facultative.
2. Ambiri ndinazolowera moyo mu madzi kapena nthaka.
3. Akuluakulu limatulutsa yambiri michere chilengedwe, kuphika chakudya cha iwo wokha. Ngakhale popanda kukhala ndi mycelium nthambi, ena zamoyo kubala rhizoids woonda, amene amagwira kwa gawo lapansi, ndipo analanda (kuyamwa) chakudya.
4. Pakati Zygomycetes ndi nthumwi zapadera - zoopagalisy. Iwo nalo dzina lake pa moyo zolusa. Iwo kudzawatenga zomatira hyphae mphutsi za tizilombo, nematodes mogwirizana zina, ndi kudya iwo, chosinkhasinkha kunja.
5. Mu ndondomeko ya moyo, oimira ambiri (makamaka yisiti) ndi kupereka mankhwala wapatali, michere, mankhwala ofunika mankhwala.

Kudziwa zinthu wamba za moyo zonse ndi zovuta, chifukwa chiwerengero cha mtundu waukulu kwambiri. Choncho ndi bwino kuganizira kwambiri kawirikawiri ndi zofunika munthu.

Njira kubalana

Takambirana kale Mukalongosola kuti mbali yaikulu ya chamoyo mu funso - ndi njira za kubereka ana. Kubalana wa bowa unicellular akhoza kuchitika mu njira zitatu:

• pogonana;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

Asadziphe onse mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Asexual kubalana kumatanthauza mapangidwe spores mkati sporangia formations wapadera. Mwachitsanzo, ikuyenda zoospores chytrid, pamene ascomycete - ascospores chiyambi amkati.
2. Vegetative osakwatiwa tating'ono budding kumafuna nthumwi. Ndiko kuti, khungu limodzi ndi Mphukira adziika thupi palokha. Nkhani mu yisiti amene anthu amaona kuti kukhala wachiwiri zokhala ndi selo imodzi bowa.
3. The ndondomeko kugonana kumachitika mosiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mungachite onse atatu zilipo: heterogamy, oogamy ndi isogamy. Mulimonsemo, akamanena lagona maphatikizidwe wa gametes kupanga zygote. Nthawi zambiri, ndi yokutidwa ndi chipolopolo wandiweyani, ndipo boma la mpumulo kwa kanthawi. Zitatha izi amayamba mycelium ndi kukula thupi latsopano. Ngakhale mlandu wa kuli oimira multicellular la mbali mwamuna ndi mkazi funso. Monga akusonyeza pamaso pa "+" ndi "-" mbali ya mycelium, amene kuphatikiza kupanga dikaryons.

Kumene, pali komanso zimaonetsa kuti zingatithandize kudziwa mamembala ena. Komabe, wonse kafalitsidwe chitsanzo unicellular bowa kutanthauza anthu tafotokozazi.

Penicillium ndi makhalidwe ake

Kodi Penicillium - bowa zokhala ndi selo imodzi, sitingathe kunena. Chinthu ndi kuti iye ndi wa gulu la oimira amatha kuumba, ambiri mwa iwo ndi losavuta za bungwe. Nthawi zambiri, ndipo amatamanda ndi zinthu zofanana. Komabe, Penicillium, ndi bwenzi lake lapamtima, Aspergillus - ndi mwini wa multicellular nthambi mycelium.

bowa uyu anatulukira ndi Ernest Duchesne mu 1897. Iye ndiye anali woyamba anafotokoza njira Arabia ntchito chachilendo Kamaoneka patina kuti mabala a akavalo. Kusanthula dongosolo, mnyamata (ndi Duchenne ndi zaka 23 zokha) anazindikira kuti thupi - ndi bowa, amene ali antibacterial, ngati angathe kuwononga eysherihiyu ngati - mmodzi wa mabakiteriya ambiri zoipa ndi tizilombo.

Kwa nthawi yaitali kutsegula wake palibe amene anamvera. Mu 1949, Fleming anatsimikizira antiseptic ndi antibacterial katundu wa bowa, ndipo mtengo wa Duchenne anamuzindikira, ngakhale atamwalira otsiriza a.

Mbali yaikulu imene ankagwiritsa ntchito pa kupanga medicament Penicillin - maantibayotiki opangidwa pa moyo wa chamoyo.

amatha kuumba

Ngati yankho ku funso lakuti: "Fotokozani udindo wa unicellular bowa mu chikhalidwe," ndiye kuti sitinganene za nthumwi za nkhungu. Ndipotu, ambiri a iwo anakakhala pansi, kuwapatsa iwo grayish kapena bluish kum'chitira mu mawonekedwe a zolengeza. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zakufa organic. Choncho, chikhalidwe cha bowa ndi atenge mbali ya anamwino.

ofunika kwambiri kwa munthu ali oyimira zotsatirazi:

• Aspergillus;
• Penicillium;
• "Ichi zowola";
• "Ichi zowola".

Onsewo - ophunzira yogwira m'kati lokonzekera tchizi kawirikawiri ndi zokoma, vinyo, zina chakudya, mankhwala ndi zina zinthu zamtengo wapatali.

Mucor

Kwambiri mmene woimira chamoyo mu funso - Mucor. Unicellular bowa kuti ndi opondapo nthambi mycelium anapanga ndi selo imodzi yokha. Partitions mwa iye. Zimatanthauza amatha kuumba dipatimenti Zygomycetes.

Otchedwa zothandiza, bowa izi ndi zovuta, chifukwa kupambana zikuluzikulu - ndi spoilage ndi mapangidwe mucormycosis ambiri. Komabe, anthu ena ntchito mwa munthu kupanga "Chinese yisiti". Izi ndi yisiti wapadera, amene akutumikira kwa yokonza zakudya zina. Mwachitsanzo, soya tchizi. Mitundu ina Mucor ndi gwero la michere ndi mankhwala.

Pamaziko a deta ndi mankhwala a bowa njuchi kupanga fluffy ❖ kuyanika wa beige ndi imvi, ndi bwino distinguishable kwa apoyera.

yisiti

Pakuti bowa unicellular monga nthumwi monga bowa yisiti. Komabe, zinthu izi ayenera kuonedwa ngati wachiwiri zokhala ndi selo imodzi, chifukwa iwo moyo madera mnogopochkuyuschimisya. The mycelium aliyense unicellular nthumwi, popanda partitions. Koma pafupi co-kuli mitundu angapo chimapangitsa wina kuganiza wa zamoyo multicellular.

Ambiri, yisiti - bowa kwambiri. Si onse kumene, koma ambiri a iwo. Kotero, anthu agwiritsa ntchito kuyambira akale mkate kuphika, kupanga vinyo ndi moŵa. China 6 zikwi. Zaka BC. e. awa akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Igupto, kulikonse.

Mkate wophikidwa ndi zatsalira chotupitsa chakale. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti alibe chikhalidwe, zinadziwika ndithu ndi chibadwa yunifolomu. Natenepa lero pali "thanthwe" yisiti kuti sanalengedwe ndi zamoyo mu chikhalidwe ndi amachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.

Chinthu chochititsa chidwi ndi yisiti ndi kuti ali facultative majeremusi. Ndiko kuti, mu kukhalapo kwa mpweya kuti iwo kupuma momasuka, kumasuka mpweya. Komanso m'mikhalidwe anaerobic sanataye, oxidizing dzuwa (nayonso mphamvu).

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya yisiti angakwanitse kugwira gawo lapansi m'goli. Ena amangonena kupesa dzuwa yosavuta, hexoses. Koma pali anthu amene ankachitira osati chakudya, komanso mapulotini, lipids, asidi carboxylic.

Anthu ofunika awo mankhwala akumasulidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika deta bowa. akuti:

• diacetyl;
• Kununkhila kwa mowa;
• fusel mafuta;
• dimethyl sulfide, ndi ena.

Kuphatikiza zinthu zimenezi ndiyo khalidwe la mankhwala. Izi mwachindunji zimaonekera katundu organoleptic.

Parasitic unicellular oimira bowa

Pakati pa majeremusi oopsa kwambiri ndi anthu amene sali tating'ono timene timayambitsa matenda a mafangasi anthu ndi nyama, komanso zosiyanasiyana nkhungu adzaola zomera.

1. Trichophyton ndi mikrosporum - mitundu iwiri amene amayambitsa matenda aakulu khungu anthu.
2. Bowa wa mtundu candida - matenda Candidiasis chifukwa.
3. Dermatophytes - bowa amene amayambitsa matenda a mbale msomali - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - chifukwa lichens osiyana pa ziwalo.
5. Black bowa Hari chimayambitsa matenda, amene kumaonekera ndi yamawangamawanga wakuda pa lilime la munthu ndi nyama.
6. Phytophthora - bowa oopsa kuti infects zomera ndi amachititsa mapangidwe wakuda zowola mu mizu ndi masamba.

Ndipo ili ndi mndandanda tsankho oimira anthu amene tizilombo, zoipa komanso woopsa kwambiri thanzi ndi mbewu.

Udindo wa bowa zokhala ndi selo imodzi mwa chilengedwe

Ngati inu zimawavuta dongosolo kuti: "Fotokozani ntchito ya bowa zokhala ndi selo imodzi," chinthu choyamba ayenera kuzindikira ubwino chomwecho. Tanena kale ambiri a iwo:

• ntchito makampani mankhwala ndi;
• chakudya;
• ntchito yokonza chakudya zaulimi;
• Iwo decomposers chilengedwe cha nkhani organic, ndiye, anamwino ndi ena.

Komanso sitiyenera kuiwala za kuipa umene pali zambiri. Ndipotu, ambiri a bowa unicellular - parasitic zamoyo.