Capacitive kachipangizo: zida ndi mfundo ya opaleshoni. masensa Capacitive: ntchito

Modern mafakitale ndi tsiku ndi tsiku zochita za anthu anthu, nayenso, sikutheka kulingalira popanda mitundu yonse ya zipangizo zamagetsi. Iwo angatithandize mu njira iliyonse, ndi zina zotsimikizira ntchito kuchita si bwino popanda izo. Kwa anthu "athandizi" ayenera mulinso ndi kachipangizo capacitive.

Chotero anaitana converters yotentha ndi mtundu parametric. Muyeso wa buku zipangizo otere anachita Kusiyana kwa capacitance pamene kusintha kwa ena magawo zofunika. Mwachidule, pafupifupi kusintha capacitance mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina kunja.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya kachipangizo capacitive

Ndicho chimene masensa capacitive. Mfundo ntchito sali zovuta, koma amvetse izo muyenera kudziwa chinachake. Kuyamba ndi ife kukumbukira mfundo ya kudziŵa capacitance wa capacitor lapansi. Zimenezi chimaoneka ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

C = εεₒS / δ.

Mawu amenewa amadziwika kuti ambiri pa njira sayansi kusukulu, koma kuti asawononge kuti mukumbukire ndi timakumbukira, kutanthauza aliyense zosintha ndi:

• S - m'dera la mbale capacitor.
• E - wachibale permittivity nkhani dielectric ntchito capacitor kamangidwe.
• εₒ - monga mwa sayansi kutanthauza permittivity malo ufulu.
• δ - tingathe kukonzedwa kapena makulidwe a mbale dielectric, kapena mtunda pakati pa zigawo zingapo zakuthupi.

Choncho, kuchokera njira pamwamba kuti capacitance kusintha mosavuta. Wokwanira mwanjira kanthu pa Malo mbale zakuthupi dielectric, mtunda pakati pa mbale kapena mwachindunji ndi permeability ntchito mu kupanga nkhaniyo. Choncho, kusankha zopindulitsa zimatengera chokhazikika pa mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe chipangizo okonza Aika.

Choncho, tingathe ngakhale kupanga kachipangizo capacitive ndi manja anu, monga mfundo zaphindu maganizo ndi - alipidwa lathyathyathya kapena cylindrical capacitor, mbale wina amene nthawi zonse akukumana gulu ankalamulira danga, imbaenda kusintha capacitance. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chilinganizo pamwamba umakhala ngati muli kwathunthu kunyalanyaza zotsatira m'mphepete. Ife kulankhula za izi mu gawo lomaliza la nkhaniyi.

Iwo ayenera kudziwika kuti zipangizo zamagetsi ntchito yaikulu kuyeza okhota ndi liniya displacements zinthu, kuwerengetsa kukula, ntchito ntchito, chinyezi, ndende ya mankhwala yogwira ndi makhalidwe ena. Pankhani mbali structural funso, adati bales anapangidwa ndege analemba mu housings cylindrical ndi maelekitirodi pini, ndi akalowa zakuthupi ndi dielectric, ndipo ngakhale popanda izo.

Apa mmene ntchito masensa capacitive. Mfundo ntchito zina muyenera kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane. M'nkhaniyi tiona kupereka ena mitunduyi zimene zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu.

Chilinganizo pofotokoza mfundo za machitidwe a mitundu ina masensa

Mlingo sensa ndi zotheka kusuntha lalikulu dielectric mbale angathe mwachilungamo mosavuta anatchulidwa ntchito aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

C = εεₒaH / δ.

Ndi "X" kukutanthauza kuti kutalika kwa alipo a maelekitirodi ntchito. Motero, "ndi" amatanthauza m'lifupi mbale wa capacitor lapansi. Tikumbukenso kuti zipangizo umenewu ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale, kumene ntchito choyezera molondola mfundo okhota. mphamvu ya transducer mu Zikatero chikupezeka mwa mawu awa:

C = εεₒ (r₂- r₁) / 2δ * (φₒ-φ).

Pofuna molondola kuyeza tilinazo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo yosiyaniranapo:

K = εεₒ (r₂- r₁) / 2δ.

Tiyeni tione tanthauzo la zosintha iwo amene ali mbali ya maikwezhoni awa:

• r₁ - mkati utali wozungulira wa mbale condenser;
• r₂ - akunja utali wozungulira wa mbale yemweyo;
• φ - anayeza pa mphindi (lenileni) mtengo wa alipo ngodya;
• φₒ - kufunika koyamba kwa alipo njingayo.

Pomaliza, tiyenera kufotokoza mawu masamu kuti limafotokoza opaleshoni mfundo za n'zotsimikizira capacitive ndi kusiyana chosinthika mpweya:

C = εεₒS / (δₒ-X).

Predictably, ndi chilolezo chachikulu δₒ bwino, kalatayo X ndi yofanana kusamuka kwa mbale. Samalani! Popeza makhalidwe malo amodzi ndi osati liniya, amangoona mlingo kachipangizo a mtundu wa ntchito kuyeza displacements ochepa, umene musalumphe kuchuluka 0,1δₒ. Mwachibadwa, zipangizozi kwambiri anafuna mu mwatsatanetsatane zomangamanga, kumene ngakhale zolakwa zazing'ono zingachititse mavuto aakulu kwambiri.

Kodi iwo ntchito?

Madera a ntchito zotheka ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Motero, pafupifupi mafakitale onse akhoza kukumana ntchito, omwe ankalamulira ndi zida zimenezi. Iwo ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa kudzazidwa kwa akasinja osiyanasiyana, ndipo zili awo madzi, gaseous kapena particulate (mpweya kachipangizo).

Kuchuluka kwa ntchito za mafakitale ndi adalinso mafakitale ndi apamwamba, odalirika ndi wosavuta kupanga makina onga. Ku mitundu zizindikiro zimenezi, ali bwino kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale mu zinthu aukali kwambiri akugwirizira mathanki mafuta.

Komanso, kachipangizo capacitive akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malire lophimba pa conveyor mzere kapena makina opanga shopu. M'pofunika ndi pamalo zolondola kwambiri njira zosiyanasiyana.

masensa moyandikana

Koma tsopano Lifunika masensa moyandikana, amene anapanga ndendende zomwezo. Osiyanasiyana ntchito zawo ngakhale onse. Ichi ndi chifukwa zipangizo khobidi ndalama kuti mukhoza ntchito pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya makampani. Komabe, pali lililonse makampani komwe mtundu wa zida ndi otchuka:

• Control wa madzimadzi odzazidwa muli mandala zopangidwa pulasitiki kapena galasi.
• A ntchito zofanana imagwiridwa ndi iwo mu kupanga mankhwala chakudya (kuphatikizapo ana), kumene chotsirizidwa mmatumba mu muli yopangidwa ndi zisulo mandala. Pa mfundo yomweyo yochokera ntchito ya bale monga capacitive kachipangizo mafuta.
• Kuwunika madera amene ali oopsa ngati n'kotheka wosweka kumulowetsa waya.
• Kupsa malo ofanana kumene chonyamulira pazimalamba zozungulira akhoza kuonongeka.
• Payekha kulamulira mtundu wa mankhwala opangidwa (kutembenuka kwa zitini, mabotolo, ma CD).

N'zosadabwitsa zipangizozi pakompyuta ndi ofala kwambiri mu zomangamanga mwatsatanetsatane, mphamvu m'badwo ndi mafakitale zina zambiri zosiyanasiyana masensa.

inclinometers

Tizipangizo akhala zofala ndi zaka zochepa zapitazi ang'ono-kakulidwe capacitive inclinometer kupereka HIV magetsi mbendera linanena bungwe lake ukulu ndi mwachindunji njila kwa sensa ngodya ntchito.

Ambiri lalikulu munda wa ntchito zipangizo izi: nsanja mayikidwe dongosolo, mtima wa kuchimwa ndi mapindikidwe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana thandizo matabwa luso, komanso ulamuliro yeniyeni msewu, sitima kupatuka njanji pa siteji ya zomangamanga awo.

Komanso, ntchito makina onga kudziwa mpukutu wa magalimoto katundu ndi zina magalimoto, zikepe ndipo anakumba zinthu zakale mafakitale ndi kudziwa mlingo wa okhota kusamutsidwa kwa makina ulimi ndi mafakitale makamaka lalikulu.

Nkofunika capacitive zimatulutsa mafuta mlingo makampani mafuta. Iwo ntchito ngakhale mu supertankers kuti kunyamula pa ulendo makumi ndi masauzande matani mankhwala woyengedwa mafuta. zipangizozi zimathandiza kwambiri ngakhale mu mapangidwe wochuluka kwambiri wa condensate ndi digiri yapamwamba ya m'dera fumbi kupanga (yemweyo mpweya kachipangizo).

Iwo kupeza ntchito zawo makhalidwe muyeso wa milingo mtheradi ndi wachibale kuthamanga komanso makulidwe a nkhani dielectric, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri pafupifupi mafakitale onse kumene capacitors wamphamvu moona ntchito.

Ubwino waukulu wa masensa capacitive

Tikumbukenso kuti kachipangizo capacitive zambiri ubwino poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zofanana kuti anapanga mfundo yosiyana. Tiyeni Kutchula ubwino waukulu izi Kip:

• Mu kupanga, iwo ali ophweka kwambiri. Komanso, zipangizo kwambiri yosavuta ndi wotsika mtengo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ulimi wawo. Ngakhale capacitive mafuta mlingo masensa ntchito mu makampani mafuta zinthu zofunika ndi wodzichepetsa kwambiri kukula ndi zotheka mlingo wotsikitsitsa mowa mphamvu ya magetsi. Ndi makhalidwe onsewa, iwo amasiyana mlingo kwambiri cha kuzindikira, chomwe nthawi zambiri mumangire zipangizo zodula kwambiri.
• Mfundo zingakhale capacitive sensa ndi manja anu, ntchito ngati maziko ake iliyonse kwambiri kapena zochepa odalirika komanso apamwamba mafakitale capacitor.
• The ojambula ali (kawirikawiri ntchito wokhometsa panopa), zimene zimapangitsa kwambiri ntchito zinthu fumbi mkulu ndi chinyezi.
• wautali kwambiri moyo utumiki, unit mobwerezabwereza amalowerera "kumvanso" mtengo awo otsika. Motero, capacitive kachipangizo (mtengo umene uli mu uthunthu 1200-1700 rubles) lipindulitsa kwambiri kupeza.
• Pakuti kusuntha gawo makina chipangizo chofunika kuchita khama n'zosadabwitsa pang'ono.
• chipangizo n'zosavuta kwambiri kuphatikiza ndi pafupifupi magawo onse a zipangizo kuti ntchito chokha mu ntchito mafakitale.

zoyipa

Mwatsoka, aliyense kachipangizo capacitive ali zovuta, amene pamlingo winawake kusokoneza ntchito ambiri a mtundu umenewu zida. Tikungotchula zambiri za iwo:

• kutembenuka Chinthu (i.e., HIV) ndi wotsika.
• Small kukula ndi kuphweka kwa kapangidwe zimathandiza kuti chakuti asankha zofuna ndithu mkulu luso la zipangizo mosamala.
• Good capacitive mlingo kachipangizo (ndi zina zipangizo zofanana chingwe) ungatithandizire bwino kokha pa pafupipafupi ndi apamwamba kuposa mtengo muyezo wa 50 Hz.

Zidziwitso zofunika

Komabe, si moyipa. opanga ambiri amafuna kwambiri kutetezedwa makhalidwe masensa ndi kusintha zazing'ono dongosolo lawo. Koma pafupipafupi ntchito, mu mchitidwe iwo zotsatira zabwino mtengo ambiri mafakitale 400 Hz.

Takambirana kale za kukhulupirika kwa chilinganizo zoyambirira pokhapokha ngati kunyalanyaza m'mphepete kwenikweni. Koma m'pofunika kudziwa kuti mukhoza kwenikweni kukhala ndi zoipa okha kukachitika kuti mtunda pakati pa mbale dielectric angafanane ndi kukula zawo. Komanso, zotsatira zoipa akhoza kwakukulukulu n'chongoletsa chabe ntchito alonda mphete. Pankhaniyi, mmene zotsatira malire sangakhoze kusamutsa kuposa mbale ntchito.

Apanso, tiona kuti zimatulutsa yomweyo kuthamanga yodziwika ndi kuphweka chidwi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti akonze modabwitsa khola, cholimba ndi otsika mtengo dongosolo. Ngati inu kusankha bwino miyeso zojambula ntchito dielectric ntchito yopanga chotero zipangizo capacitor simungathe makamaka nkhawa.

Choncho, molondola kutola zitsulo sitampu kupanga wa nyumba sensa, ndi pafupifupi negligible ngakhale amphamvu kusinthasintha kutentha zomwe zingadzetse kusintha capacitance chipangizo ndi kuwerenga wake sangakwanitse. Kumene, sikuti obviate kufunika kuchita mokwanira masensa akutali kuthamanga ndi zinthu zina zosonyeza ngati zinthu aukali zachilengedwe. Ngakhale kuphweka awo, chinyezi mkulu ndi milingo okwera cheza akhoza kukhumudwa bwanji kudalirika kwa chipangizo.

gulu la masensa

Ntchito njira mafakitale kupanga awo amakulolani nawo zonse mitundu ya masensa opangidwa mu magulu awiri akuluakulu: odnoemkostnye ndi dvuhemkostnye. Mtundu yamasika lagawidwa masiyanidwe ndi poludifferentsialnye. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Odnoemkostny chipangizo. Pankhaniyi capacitive kachipangizo dera losavuta kwambiri, kuyambira mbali yaikulu ndi capacitor ambiri ndi variable capacitance. Mwatsoka, ngakhale chinyezi pang'ono kuchuluka ndi kutentha pa yolondola zikuonetsa amadza chogwirika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, pali masensa zosiyanasiyana zambiri wonongeka. Kuti n'chongoletsa ukulu wa zolakwa zimenezi, m'pofunika ntchito dongosolo kusiyanitsidwa.

Dvuhemkostny kachipangizo. Kwenikweni, ndi wotero dongosolo kusiyanitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri n'zotheka kuti akakomane capacitive mlingo kachipangizo amapangidwa ngati chiwembu. zipangizozi zaperekedwa ku zovuta yaikulu ya chitsanzo m'mbuyomu, koma ndi zofooka zawo. The sangathe kwambiri ndi kufunika kokhala awiri kapena atatu isagwe mawaya pakati pa chipangizo palokha ndipo pamwamba, chifukwa yekha mu njira iyi angafooketse otchedwa parasitic capacitance.

Komabe, mwachilungamo chipangizo chiwembu masensa capacitive Pankhaniyi n'zosavuta kunyalanyaza, chifukwa pobwezera inu mupeza chipangizo molondola kwambiri ndipo tcheru.

yomanga masensa kulunjika

Nthawi zambiri (pa kapangidwe mawonedwe) chilengedwe cha zipangizo amenewa ndi mabvuto. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka pamene mukufuna kulenga sensa ndi milingo variable mphamvu. Komabe, zochitika zimasonyeza kuti mavuto ambiri ndi kuthetsedwa pafupifupi kwathunthu molondola calibration ndi zipangizo mkulu ntchito ntchito pa ulimi. Nthawi zambiri mavuto amenewa anakumana ndi opanga dvuhemkostnyh masensa.

Nthawi zambiri, kulunjika wa mtundu uwu zipangizo kuyeza ndi kuti iwo akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati chiŵerengero dimensionless wa zedi awiri thupi (muli) omwe enieni akuti thupi ndi tanthauzo. Kotero kuti akhoza bwinobwino amatchedwa "probes ubwenzi." The ntchito zipangizozi (iwo yaikulu kuphatikiza!) Kodi iwo zambiri simungakhoze kukhala mu kapangidwe ka zinthu zina muyezo umene kuziziritsa timapitiriza kudalirika zinthu kwenikweni kwambiri ndi zinthu.

Mapangidwe a encoders liniya

Onse mfundo sanali magetsi, zomwe kawirikawiri chofunika kulamulira chilengedwe mafakitale, ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri ndi m'zigawozigawo. A mbali yaikulu ya miyeso kuti imvera amazilamulira okhwima, kupanga okhota ndi liniya kayendedwe ngakhale zosiyanasiyana pamalo m'malere. Ngati inu ntchito capacitor kuti ali yunifolomu mwamtheradi munda magetsi pamalo ogumuka, si zovuta kuti zimatulutsa pakompyuta awiri a mitundu zotsatirazi:

• Imene dera maelekitirodi ndi variable.
• Anthu amene ali ndi kusiyana variable pakati maelekitirodi lapansi.

N'zosavuta kumvetsa kuti mtundu woyamba ndi abwino kwambiri kukonza kayendedwe kwenikweni chachikulu, pamene akugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana yachiwiri anaona ngakhale ena kayendedwe thupi danga, phindu lake wofanana microns ochepa!

Masensa kwa kudziŵa kusamutsidwa okhota

Ambiri, ndi kapangidwe ndi cholinga, iwo pafupifupi mwathunthu zofanana mtundu yapitayi kukhudzana. Kufanana akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti masensa ali maelekitirodi a m'dera variable ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyeso zazikulu ndi mtunda variable pakati maelekitirodi okha - yaing'ono. Childs, zipangizo amenewa anapangidwa Mipikisano yachigawo, ndi kotheka kusintha dera mbale capacitor.

Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi, ndi elekitirodi woyamba lokhazikika kwa makina kutsinde mu kasinthasintha amene chingasinthe malo ake wachibale m'dera yachiwiri kusintha kuti amatipatsa alipo wa mbale dielectric mu capacitor lapansi. Mwachibadwa, pamene analemba kusintha capacitance.

anapezazo

Choncho tinakambirana makhalidwe a mlingo wa chida, tinaphunzira za madera awo ntchito, zokhudza mbali kapangidwe mfundo kanthu ndi zotheka luso zothetsera. Pamene inu mukhoza kumvetsa ku nkhani kuchuluka kwa masensa capacitive ndi kutchuka kwawo kwambiri mkulu zachokera mtengo wokongola kwambiri zipangizo amenewa ndi moyo utumiki yaitali ngakhale pansi mavuto zachilengedwe.

Zonsezi ndi zotheka zikomo chakuti, kwa mfundo zaphindu maganizo, meters zonsezi muyezo capacitors, amene yodziwika ndi njira penapake osaka ntchito yawo okha. Komabe, mungathe kupeza wekha, kamodzinso kuyang'ana pa mitunduyi masamu kuti monzama kusonyeza mfundo Kip ntchito.