China mfundo yachilendo. Zoyamba za mgwirizano wa mayiko

China - mmodzi wa mayiko yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Kuteteza m'madera awo - chifukwa cha miyambo zaka zakubadwa. China 'm mfundo yachilendo imene ali mikhalidwe yapadera, zonse kuteteza zofuna zake ndipo nthawi yomweyo mwaluso amanga kugona ndi m'mayiko ena. Masiku ano, dziko ili molimba amati utsogoleri dziko, ndi tinapatsidwira komanso chifukwa cha "latsopano" mfundo yachilendo. Mayiko atatu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse - China, Russia, United States - panthawi ndi zofunika kwambiri geopolitical mphamvu ndiponso udindo China mu wa ku iyi ikuoneka wotsimikizika kwambiri.

Mbiri ya mgwirizano wa mayiko China

Kwa zaka zitatu, China, malire a lomwe lero zikuphatikizapo gawo mbiri alipo monga mphamvu zazikulu ndi zofunika kwambiri m'derali. Nkhani lalikulu kukhazikitsa kugona ndi anansi zosiyanasiyana ndi chitetezo nthaŵi zofuna zawo mwakuya ntchito mfundo ano yachilendo.

mgwirizano wa mayiko a China anasiya chizindikiro nzeru wonse wa mtundu, ozikidwa makamaka Chikomfyushani. Malinga ndi maganizo Chinese Ambuye woona kanthu akuganiza kunja, kotero mgwirizano wa mayiko ndimachita ngati mbali imodzi ya malamulo a mkati mwa dziko. Mbali ina ya malingaliro a statehood mu China ndi chakuti, malinga ndi maganizo awo, lakumwamba ulibe mathero, limafotokoza dziko lonse. Choncho, China asamalira palokha mtundu wa ufumu padziko lonse, "Middle Ufumu." Zoweta ndi achilendo malamulo a China zachokera malo yaikulu - Sinocentrism. N'zosavuta zokwanira kufotokoza patsogolo yogwira mafumu Chinese panyengo zosiyanasiyana za mbiri ya dzikoli. Pankhaniyi, olamulira China ndimakhulupirira kuti zotsatira ndi kwambiri kusiyana ndi mphamvu China wakhazikitsa pa ubwenzi wapadera ndi anansi ake. malowedwe m'mayiko ena chifukwa cha chuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Mpaka m'ma 19, dziko kwakhalapo mu malingaliro ufumu wa Wamkulu China, ndi kokha European kuwukira anakakamizika kusintha m'mwamba mfundo ubale wake ndi anansi ake ndi maiko ena. Mu 1949, iwo analengeza Republic of China, ndipo izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwambiri mfundo yachilendo. Ngakhale zokomera China ananena mabungwe ndi maiko onse, koma pang'onopang'ono padali kugawanikana wa dziko m'magulu awiri, ndi dziko kwakhalapo mu mapiko zokomera, pamodzi ndi Soviet Union. Mu zaka 70 boma Chinese amasintha lafalitsidwa mphamvu komanso anati China ndi mayiko amphamvu ndi mayiko a World Chachitatu, ndi kuti lakumwamba Ufumu sadzamangidwanso ndikufuna kukhala mayiko amphamvu. Koma kwa 80 chaka TH za "atatu maiko" Lingaliro anayamba kulephera - aonekera "ntchito chiphunzitso" mfundo yachilendo. Kulimbikitsa a United States ndi kuyesetsa kwawo kulenga dziko unipolar zinachititsa kuti zimene China limanena za chimango yatsopano padziko lonse ndi njira yatsopano Inde.

The "latsopano" mfundo yachilendo

Mu 1982, boma kulengezedwa ndi "China watsopano" womwe ulipo pa mfundo za coexistence mtendere ndi maiko onse a dziko lapansi. utsogoleri dziko mwaluso inakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa mayiko mu chimango cha chiphunzitso chake ndi pa nthawi yomweyo mogwirizana ndi zofuna zake, onse chuma ndi ndale. M'zaka za m'ma 20 mochedwa, nyamuka zokhumba andale a United States, amene mukumverera mayiko amphamvu okha amene ulembedwe dziko yake dongosolo. Zilibe zigwirizane China, ndipo, mu mzimu wa khalidwe mitundu ndi miyambo zamtendere, utsogoleri dziko alibe imavomereza ndi kusintha njira zake. Wopambana ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi zoweta China amasonyeza boma kwambiri bwinobwino osauka kumayambiriro kwa zaka 20 ndi 21. Mu dziko lino akumayesetsa kupewedwa kujowina chirichonse cha zipani za dziko ndi kuyesera kuteteza yekha zofuna za nkhondo geopolitical. Koma kulimbitsa kuthamanga US amapanga utsogoleri dziko kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mu China, pali kulekana mfundo monga malire anthu ndi njira. Choyamba anazindikira wosasintha ndi inviolable Ndiyeno iwowa, ngakhale kuti palibe malire. Izi dera la zofuna za dziko, ndipo agwiritsidwa kwa pafupifupi ngodya zonse za dziko lapansi. lingaliro ili la malire njira ndi maziko mfundo ano Chinese yachilendo.

geopolitics

Mu zaka za m'ma 21 dzikoli chimakwirira nthawi ya geopolitics, T. E. pali kusokonekera kwa mitundu ya chikoka pakati pa maiko awiri yogwira. Ndipo iwo amalengeza zofuna zawo osati mayiko amphamvu, komanso limati ang'ono amene samafuna kukhala yaiwisi zipangizo mafuta ndi mayiko olemera. Zimenezi zimabweretsa nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zida okhaokha. Aliyense boma akufunafuna njira zambiri zaphindu chitukuko ndi zochita zake. Pa nkhani imeneyi, sangathe kusintha ndi mfundo yachilendo ya Republic of China. Komanso, pa siteji pano lakumwamba wabweza ndithu zachuma ndi zankhondo mphamvu, amene amalola kuti amadzitengera kulemera kwakukulu mu geopolitics. Choyamba, China anayamba kudana ntchito yokonza chitsanzo unipolar a dziko, iye anali mokomera multipolarity, ndipo iye perforce, kuthana ndi mkangano chidwi ndi United States. Komabe, China mwaluso amanga mzere wake wa khalidwe, amene, monga mwa nthawi zonse, lolunjika pa kuteteza zofuna zawo zachuma ndi zoweta. China ali mwachindunji anati za amanena kuti mphamvu, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuthamangitsa ake "otetezeka" kukula kwa dziko.

Mfundo za mfundo yachilendo

China ananena kuti cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kukhala ndi mtendere m'dziko, ndi zonse kuthandiza chitukuko lonse. Dziko wakhala kutsatira za coexistence mwamtendere ndi anansi ake, ndipo ndi mfundo za China ulili mgwirizano wa mayiko. Mu 1982, hayala anavomerezedwa mu dziko limene zoyamba za mfundo yachilendo China. Pali 5:

- mfundo ya kulemekezana ulamuliro ndi malire dziko;

- mfundo ya si mokwiya;

- mfundo ya si kulowelera mu zochitika za limati zina ndipo sanali kulowelera mu zochitika mkati mwa dziko lawo;

- mfundo ofanana pa ubwenzi;

- mfundo ya dziko ndi mayiko onse a dziko.

Kenako, ziphunzitso zazikulu akhala wolembedwa ndi kusintha poyankha kusintha kwa zinthu m'dzikoli, ngakhale zomwenso awo amakhalabe sichinasinthe. Modern mfundo yachilendo njira zosonyeza kuti China tidzachita zonse zake kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha dziko multipolar ndi mtendere wa anthu padziko lonse.

boma ati mfundo za demokalase ndi kulemekeza kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi kukhalanso wa njira. Zakuthambo komanso amatsutsa mitundu yonse ya uchigawenga ndi mwamphamvu kumathandiza kuti chilengedwe chabe chuma ndi ndale kuti dziko. China chaperekedwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubwenzi ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa ndi anansi ake mu dera, komanso mayiko onse a dziko lapansi.

Izi Zikhulupiriro zikuluzikulu ndi maziko a zokambirana China, koma dera lililonse limene m'dzikoli zinthu geopolitical, iwo anazindikira njira yeniyeni ya maubwenzi nyumbayi.

China ndi US: ndi mgwirizano ndi atasemphana

China ndi ubale US yaitali ndi zovuta mbiri. Mayiko amenewa nthawi yaitali mu mkangano zobisika, omwe amagwirizana ndi kukana ku boma chikominisi of America ndi China kuthandiza KMT. Kuchepetsa mavuto wayamba basi mu 70s kwa zaka za m'ma 20, Gona zamtendere pakati pa United States ndi China unakhazikitsidwa mu 1979. Kwa nthawi yaitali asilikali Chinese anali okonzeka kuteteza dziko zofuna Kupititsa zinachitikira kuukira American, chimene amakhulupirira lakumwamba Goliyati. Mu 2001, Mlembi US wa State anena kuti iye amakhulupirira China si mdani, monga mdani asapita chuma, kutanthauza kuti kusintha malamulo. America sanathe kunyalanyaza kukula mofulumira chuma Chinese ndi kumanga mphamvu asilikali. Mu 2009, United States Ankaphunzitsanso mutu wa China kulenga wapadera chuma ndale mtundu - G2, mgwirizano wa mayiko awiri. Koma China anakana. Iye zambiri sakugwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko la America ndipo sanafune kutenga gawo la udindo kwa iyo. Pakati States nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka kwa malonda buku, China wakhala pakuika mwachangu chuma US, zonsezi kwalimbitsa okha kufunika zibwenzi ndale. Koma United States akuyesa kukakamiza China nthawi zochitika zawo khalidwe limene China utsogoleri Yankho kukana lakuthwa. Choncho, ubale m'mayiko awiriwa mowirikiza kugwirizanitsa pakati atasemphana ndi mgwirizano. China akuti ali okonzeka kuti "mabwenzi" ndi US, koma mu nkhani palibe sadzalola kusokonezedwa awo mu njira yawo. Makamaka, nthawi zonse chopunthwitsa ndi tsoka kwa chilumba cha Taiwan.

China ndi Japan: chipangizo Msamariya asapita

Relations pakati pa anansi awiri kawirikawiri anali limodzi ndi maganizo kwambiri ndi mphamvu pa wina ndi mzake. Ndi mbiri ya mayiko amenewa pali nkhondo zikuluzikulu (m'ma 7, 19 mochedwa ndi m'ma 20th Century), amene anali m'mavuto. Mu 1937, Japan anaukira China. Iye anapereka thandizo amphamvu Germany ndi Italy. Asilikali Chinese ndi kwambiri lonyozeka kwa Japanese, amene analola Japan mwamsanga analanda ndi m'madera ambiri kumpoto kwa China. Lero, zotsatira zake za nkhondo kuti ali chopinga kukhazikitsa ubale zambiri wochezeka pakati China ndi Japan. Koma zimphona awiri chuma masiku sitingalephere kwambiri kumayambitsa kusinthanitsa asapita, kugula mkangano. Choncho, dziko kupita mgwirizano pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale zambiri zotsutsana kukhala osathetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, China ndi Japan sangathe mnzathu pa mbali zingapo vuto, kuphatikizapo Taiwan, amene salola mayiko tizikondana kwambiri. Koma m'zaka za m'ma 21, mgwirizano pakati pa zimphona Asian zachuma wotentha kwambiri.

China ndi Russia: ubwenzi ndi mgwirizano

Awiri akuluakulu dziko, yomwe ili pa Africa yemweyo, basi mwina koma kuyesa kuti ubwenzi. Mbiri ya mgwirizano pakati pa maiko awiri amabwerera zaka zoposa zinayi. Panthawi imeneyi panali nthawi zosiyanasiyana, zabwino ndi zoipa, koma zinali zosatheka kuti usokoneze mauthenga pakati limati, iwo moyandikana kwambiri zapiringizana. Mu 1927, Gona boma pakati Russia ndi China akhala linasokonekera kwa zaka zingapo, koma malemu 30 ntchentche kulankhulana ayamba achire. Pambuyo World nkhondo II mphamvu mu China amabwera chikominisi mtsogoleri Mao Zedong akuyamba mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa USSR ndi China. Koma ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro ubale Nikita Khrushchev Soviet pansi ndi kuthokoza chokha cha khama kwambiri zamtendere amatha kukhazikitsa. Ndi kukonzanso ubale pakati Russia ndi China ali alikuwotha moto kwambiri, ngakhale kuti pali mikangano pakati pa maiko awiri. Cha m'ma 20 ndi m'ma 21, China wakhala yofunika njira naye kwa Russia. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Gona malonda ali patsogolo, kuwonjezera nzeru luso, ndi mapangano ndale. Ngakhale China, mwachizolowezi, makamaka amatiyang'anira zofuna zawo ndi kuteteza iwo kulira ndipo Russia nthawi zina asintha aneba chachikulu. Koma m'mayiko awiriwa kuzindikira kufunikira mgwirizano wawo, mpaka, Russia ndi China - mabwenzi kwambiri, ndale abwenzi zachuma.

China ndi India: Strategic Partnership

The awiri waukulu ku Asia zogwirizana ndi ubwenzi kuposa 2-zaka chikwi. Gawo amakono anayamba mu 40s mochedwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamene India anazindikira China ndi kukhazikitsa kulankhula zamtendere. Pakati limati, pali malire mikangano kuti kuteteza rapprochement pakati pa mayiko. Komabe, chuma India-China asapita yekha bwino ndipo anawonjezera, amene kumatanthauza Kufunda kwa ojambula ndale. Koma China amakhalabe okhulupirika njira zake ndi si otsika ali kofunika kwambiri, upeleka kuwonjezeka chete, makamaka ku misika ya India.

China ndi America South

Chotero mphamvu yaikulu monga China, ali zofuna zake zokha padziko lonse. Ndipo m'munda wa chikoka cha boma sanangotchula lotsatira khomo anansi kapena kukhala wofanana ndi mlingo wa dziko, komanso madera kwambiri akumidzi. Choncho, mfundo yachilendo China ndi zimasiyana kwambiri ndi khalidwe m'bwalolo mayiko a mayiko ena kwa zaka zambiri kufunafuna mwachangu mumafanana ndi mayiko a America South. Zimenezi ndi zikumuyendera. N'zoona kuti malamulo ake China anamaliza ndi maiko m'derali, mapangano mgwirizano, ndipo mwachangu osauka zikulumikizana malonda. mabizinesi Chinese ku America South kugwirizana ndi kumanga misewu, zomera mphamvu, mafuta ndi gasi, kuyamba zibwenzi m'munda wa kufufuza malo ndi magalimoto.

China ndipo Africa

Yemweyo yogwira mfundo za boma Chinese ndi m'mayiko African. China akuchita ndalama kwambiri za chitukuko cha madera a "wakuda" Africa. Lero, likulu Chinese alipo mu migodi, kupanga, makampani asilikali, kumanga misewu ndi zomangamanga kupanga. China kutsatira ndondomeko malingaliro-free, zogwirizana ndi mfundo zawo kulemekeza zikhalidwe zina ndi mgwirizano. Akatswiri amanena kuti ndalama Chinese mu Africa lero chachikulu moti kusintha malo chuma ndi ndale derali. Mphamvu ya Europe ndi United States kwa Africa pang'ono ndi pang'ono yafupika ndipo motero anazindikira cholinga chachikulu cha China - m'dziko multipolar.

China ndi Asia

China ndi Asian dziko, zambiri zosonyeza m'maboma oyandikana. Mu nkhani iyi, mfundo yachilendo akuyendera zonse ananena mfundo. Akatswiri amanena kuti boma Chinese ndi chidwi kwambiri m'dera mtendere ndi mgwirizano ndi maiko onse Asia. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan - ndi malo mwapadera mu China. M'dera limeneli pali mavuto ambiri, amene anakula ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union, koma China akuyesera kuthetsa vuto mu mtima mwawo. bwino ndithu wakhala akwaniritsa kuti akhazikitse ubale China ndi Pakistan. Mayiko ndi ichitikire osauka pulogalamu nyukiliya, omwe akuopa kwambiri kwa United States ndi India. Lero, China ndi kukambirana pa ntchito yomanga olowa wa payipi kwa China gwero yothandiza.

China ndi Korea North

An njira bwenzi zofunika za China ndi woyandikana naye nyumba - Korea North. China utsogoleri anathandiza Korea North mu nkhondo m'ma 20 ndipo wakhala anasonyeza wokonzeka ake yolimbikitsira, kuphatikizapo asilikali, pamene inu muyenera iwo. China mfundo yachilendo ali nthawi zonse anawauza kuti kuteteza zofuna zawo, kuyang'ana mu nkhope ya okondedwa Korea ndi odalirika Far East. Lero, China ndi yaikulu malonda bwenzi la Korea North, Gona wa maiko akupanga ndithu. Pakuti zibwenzi mayiko m'chigawo kwambiri, kotero kuti adzapita kwambiri chifukwa cha mgwirizano.

mikangano Kupititsa

Ngakhale maluso onse zamtendere mfundo yachilendo China amakhala ndi suoneka ndi zabwino bwino ndinaganiza, sikungathetse mavuto onse padziko lonse. Dziko angapo madera adatsutsana kuti kusokoneza kugona ndi maiko ena. Mfundo zilonda chifukwa China ndi Taiwan. Kwa zaka zoposa 50 utsogoleri wa awiri Republic of China sikungathetse nkhani ya ulamuliro. Atsogoleri a pachilumbachi zaka thandizo boma US, ndipo sikutheka kuthetsa mkangano. Vuto lina n'lakuti n'ngosathetseka Tibet. China amene malire anatsimikiza mu 1950, pambuyo zisinthe, ananena kuti Tibet ndi gawo la China m'zaka za m'ma 13. Koma Tibetans zamakolo motsogozedwa wotchedwa Dalai Lama amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu ulamuliro. China ali ndi mfundo okhwima kwa Odzipatula ndi monga njira yothetsera vutoli ndi sayembezereka. Ndi mikangano Kupititsa ndi China ndi Turkestan, kuchokera Mumtima Mongolia, Japan. Lakumwamba kwambiri nsanje dziko lawo ndi safuna asintha. Chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Soviet Union, China anacititsa mbali ya malire a Tajikistan, Kazakhstan ndi Kyrgyzstan.