Chodabwitsa kwambiri ponena za ndalama. Zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ndalama

Chida chofunika ndi chofunikira cha anthu amasiku ano ndi ndalama kudutsa mwa manja ambiri. Philhiline, kuwachitira iwo monga njira yowerengera, samaganiza ngakhale kuti amakhudza mwachidwi mbiri yake. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mfundo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za ndalama.

Zosangalatsa za ndalama: momwe izo zinayambira

Ndalama zoyambirira kuchokera ku gulu la siliva ndi golidi (lotchedwa electron) zinapezeka ku Libya m'zaka za m'ma 700 BC. E. Ndalama zoyamba za papepala zinayambika ku China chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zipangizo zopangira ndalama zamkuwa. Chodabwitsa chokhudza ndalama: Mipukutu ya mapepala idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira pamaliro a manda. Iwo ankawotchedwa pamtengo pafupi ndi manda, akukhulupirira kuti mwa njira iyi iwo adzagwa mu dziko losiyana, kumene adzapangitse moyo kukhala wophweka kwa othawa kupita kudziko lotsatira.

Pogwiritsa ntchito misala, papepala ndalama zinawonekera patapita nthawi. Dyera la olamulira komanso kumvetsetsa kuti angathe kusindikiza mapepala ambirimbiri okhala ndi kujambulidwa; Mtengo wa zowononga maswiti unachepa pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri, zomwe zinakakamiza kubwezeretsanso mapepala.

China ndi dziko la chikondi

Chodabwitsa chokhudza ndalama: mu ngongole zamakono za China ndi njira yabwino yopeza theka lanu lina. Kuti achite izi, asungwana ndi achinyamata akuwafuna iwo alembe deta yawo ndi zomwe akufuna kwa wokondedwayo, kenako amalola kuti ndalamazo ziziyenda. Mwamwayi, mapepala otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse ndi mabanki odula kwambiri, nambala yomwe ili pamwamba pa ma microbes ambirimbiri.

Ndalama yoyamba

Pali zinthu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ndalama: Kalekale, zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri pa nthawi yawo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ntchito: miyala, zipolopolo, nthenga za mbalame, mano a agalu, nkhono za nkhumba, nsomba zouma, mikanda ya galasi, nyemba za kakao, Fodya, chimanga ndi mpunga, ziweto. Kale ku Russia, pamene ankagulitsa ndi mayiko akummawa, zikopa za Martartite (zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito monga ndalama za ndalama) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, ku China - zidutswa za silika, ndi ku Asia - opiamu.

Ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko, chogulitsira katundu chinakhala chosasangalatsa, ndiye kusinthanitsa kwa mankhwala kunayamba kupangidwa kuti ndalama za mkuwa zikhale zopangidwa.

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha ndalama za mawonekedwe ozungulira

Ndi zinthu zina ziti zosangalatsa za ndalama? Ndalama zamakono zili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Komabe, izi sizinali nthawi zonse. Pakafukufuku ku Greece, tinapeza zida zochepa zachilendo, zofanana ndi kukula kwake. Zidatchulidwa pazithunzi za nthawi yapitayi, ndipo, monga momwe akatswiri adakhalira, inali ndalama za kale za Chigriki. Kukwanira kwa ndalama zoterozo kunali ndi phindu linalake, kuika kwambiri m'dzanja la dzanja lanu ndipo linatchedwa "drachma", lomwe lapitirirabe mpaka lero.

Zowonongeka za ndalamazo zinachokera ku Roma Yakale, kumene zidasindikizidwa m'kachisi wa Juno. Choyamba, iwo anajambula zithunzi za amulungu aakazi, omwe patapita nthawi anasintha n'kukhala mafano a mafumu - akuluakulu komanso athandizira kuti chitukuko cha dziko lawo chichitike.

Zithunzi za olamulira amoyo sanalandiridwe, ngakhale Aleksandro wa ku Macedon sankaona kuti ichi ndi chizindikiro choyipa, atalamula kuti asinthe fano lake pa ndalama.

Russia: mbiri yakale ya ndalama

Ku Russia, monga m'mayiko ena, ndalama zowoneka tsiku ndi tsiku zisanakhale ndalama zasiliva. Mbiri ya Russia yakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa zokhudza ndalama. Pano ndi limodzi mwa iwo: pamene Lomonosov adalipidwa bonasi ya 2000 rubles, adayenera kulemba antchito ndi magalimoto kuti azitsogolere, chifukwa cholemera chonse cha mphotho chinali pafupifupi 1 tani.

Nthano yosangalatsa ndi chiyambi cha zozoloŵera kwa mawu onse "penny". Kalekale, pa ndalama zopangidwa ndi ndalama, zopangidwa ndi ndalama zowonongeka, George Wopambana anawonetsedwa ndi nthungo m'dzanja lake. Ndalama zoterezi pa Ivan Terrible zinayamba kutchedwa kopei, ndipo kenako adapeza dzina lodziwika bwino. Ndalama lero imaonedwa ngati ndalama yaying'ono kwambiri, koma pansi pa Peter I panali ndalama za chipembedzo chapang'ono. Anali 1/8 peni, ankalemera 0,1 gramu ndipo ankatchedwa hafu ya chikho. Chuma chachikulu kwambiri (copper ruble) cholemera 1,636 makilogalamu chinatulutsidwa mu 1725 nthawi ya Catherine I. Pali zodabwitsa zedi za ndalama zomwe ku Sweden ndalama zowona kwambiri zinali zolemera makilogalamu 19 ndipo zinatulutsidwa m'zaka za zana la 18. Ilo linali ndi mawonekedwe ofiira, ndipo mu ngodya za izo panali zochitika za chisindikizo chachifumu.

Kodi madola mamiliyoni angati akulemera bwanji?

Pafupi munthu aliyense nthawi ina ankaganiza kuti mwiniwake wa madola milioni. Choncho, zodabwitsa za ndalama zimasonyeza kuti ngati chuma chamtsogolo chidzaikidwa pa mamba, ndiye kuti ndalama zasiliva zokwana madola zana zidzakhala makilogalamu 10, ndipo mu ndalama imodzi-magawo 246. Ndipo ngati mukupeza pang'onopang'ono ndalama zazing'ono, zomwe ana onse a dziko lathu lapansi akuchita, mungathe kutsanulira mabelu a mtendere, monga anachitira ndi ana a Japan. Mmodzi wa iwo aikidwa ku New York.

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ponena za ndalama ndichabechabechabe. Mu 1923 ku Germany panthawi ya hyperinflation, ndalama zinatayika mtengo wake ndi mtengo wochepa kwambiri moti anadula makoma mmalo mwa mapepala kapena anapatsidwa ana kuti azisewera.

10 zokondweretsa za ndalama

1. Pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zapapepala, fulakesi ndi thonje zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiwerengero cha 1: 3, chomwe chimapangitsa mphamvu ya mankhwalawo, yomwe imatha kupirira makina 400.
2. Pafupifupi 1/3 mwa anthu padziko lapansi amakhala osachepera $ 2 patsiku, anthu oposa biliyoni amathera zosakwana $ 1 patsiku.
3. Ku Canada, bili yoyamba inali kusewera makadi. Ndipo ku Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, ndalama zinapangidwa ndikusindikizidwa kufikira 1826, zopangidwa kuchokera ku khungu la zisindikizo.
4. Padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, pali madola 845 biliyoni.
5. Mkazi woyamba akuwonetsedwa pa ndalama, ndipo imodzi yokha ya mtundu wake ndi Martha Washington, yemwe chithunzi chake chiri chokongoletsera ndi ndalama zasiliva zogula dola imodzi.
6. Zoona za ndalama zimati moyo wa $ 100 ndalama ndi pafupifupi zaka 7 ndi miyezi inayi.
7. Khadi la ngongole la pulasitiki linakhazikitsidwa mu 1949 ndi Frank McNamara pa chakudya chamadyeramo. Lingaliro la kusakhala ndi ndalama zambirimbiri, ndi kuwachotsera iwo khadi, linafika pamene Frank analibe ndalama zokwanira kuti azilipira chakudya.
8. Dzina losazolowereka linali ndalama za Venetian, za m'ma 1600 - "nyuzipepala". Mabuku omwe nthawi zonse amasindikizidwa anayamba kutchedwa dongosolo labwino kwambiri pambuyo pake. Mtengo wa zolemba zoyamba pamapepala zinali zofanana ndi nyuzipepala imodzi.
9. Ndalama yaikulu ya ndalama inali $ 100,000 chipembedzo. Iwo anawamasula mu 1934 n'cholinga choti azigwiritsira ntchito mabanki akuluakulu. Mwa njira, chizindikiro cha $ chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1788 ndi Oliver Pollock. Ku US, otchuka kwambiri ndi ngongole za 1- ndi 20-dollar, m'mayiko ena amasankha $ 100. Padziko lapansi, franc yowonjezereka imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko 34.
10. Pali mfundo yodabwitsa iyi yokhudzana ndi ndalama: ndalama zogulitsidwa komanso zopanda ntchito ku Russia zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangamanga, komanso ku Germany zimapanganso feteleza.

Mfundo zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi ndalama zimapangitsa kuganizira za mbiri yachilendo komanso yambiri ya njira za kuwerengera zomwe ndizozoloŵera kwa onse.