Darwin cha kusanduka

Darwin cha kusanduka - mmodzi wa ziphunzitso zazikulu za chitukuko cha dziko organic. Malinga ndi Darwin, magulu galimoto ya kusanduka - kusankha zamoyo, kusintha, cholowa. Zizindikiro latsopano angabuke ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka zamoyo poyerekezera ndi masiyanidwe a. Yotsirizira ndi yeniyeni ndi chosadziwika. A ena (mbali) masiyanidwe kumachitika pamene zinthu zachilengedwe ndi cholinga chofanana pa onse kapena ambiri a mtundu winawake wa anthu. Si chibadwa anakonza mibadwo yotsatira. Anthu ena pakhoza kukhala undetermined (undirected) kusintha kuti ali mwachisawawa ndi cholowa. Yosatha masiyanidwe ndi mitundu iwiri - ndi combinative kusintha. Mbali yoyamba pa meiosis mu mapangidwe ana ndi ma latsopano mbali makolo ndi akuchikazi DNA kuwombola nthawi zina, komanso ndi wina ndi osakaniza m'badwo wa chibadwa ukuwonjezeka. Zikatero, kapangidwe majini kusinthidwa chamoyo: topangira DNA, kapangidwe awo kapena dongosolo mbewu.

Darwin zimene zamoyo anthu ake amakhulupirira kuti thupi poyera kuti chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha kusankha zamoyo, kupulumuka kwa ana a onyamula mbali zothandiza kuti chikanachitika chifukwa cha recombination kapena jini masinthidwe. Kusankha ndi kiyi imayambitsa kusanduka, ndipo amachititsa mapangidwe mitundu ya zinthu. Iwo akhoza anasonyeza m'njira zitatu: galimoto, wosasunthika ndi zosokoneza. Woyamba kumabweretsa zikamera wa zimasintha latsopano. Ambiri mwina kusiya ana alipo anthu amene anasintha zina maziko, poyerekeza ndi phindu pafupifupi. Mu mawonekedwe chachiwiri, kusungidwa anatengera anapanga zinthu zonse zachilengedwe. Pankhaniyi, mu chiwerengero cha anthu kusungidwa ndi avareji mtengo makhalidwe. Mu mawonekedwe chachitatu cha kusintha taphunzira mchikakamizo cha sing'anga ndi zosayembekezereka wa polymorphism. Ndiko kuti, kusankha amapezeka mitundu iwiri kapena zambiri zolakwika.

Darwin cha kusanduka zasonyeza kuti waukulu galimoto mphamvu ya kusanduka - masoka kusankha. Tsopano chifukwa cha interbreeding kutulutsa mitundu yatsopano ya anthu. Chiphunzitso ntchito zosiyanasiyana amalanga, kuphatikizapo mbiri (Karl Marx) komanso sayansi (Sigmund Freud).

Chiphunzitso yamakono ya kusanduka lasintha kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira Darwin, bwino allocated dongosolo pulayimale (anthu), umene zamoyo anayamba. Chiphunzitso amakono a kwambiri anakambirana ndi bwino bwino ndi kutanthauzira magulu galimoto ndi zinthu, kusonyeza zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Kuwonetsera chiyambidwe cha ndondomeko ya kusintha bwinobwino anthu genotype. Ntchito yaikulu ya chiphunzitso masiku ano kuphunzira limagwirira njira zamoyo zinachita, luso kulosera kusintha.

Darwin cha kusanduka kumagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha zamoyo amuzolengedwa, chomwe chakuti woyamba mankhwala organic mu mapangidwe mapulaneti anali chimasanduka anapangidwa kuchokera mankhwala osavuta m'nyanja. Chifukwa cha mankhwala zina hydrocarbon angapo zinthu mankhwala anapanga zinthu zovuta organic. pasukuluyi zayambika atamwa kwambiri cheza dzuwa ndi kukha magetsi mphezi, kuonetsetsa chofunika kuchuluka kwa cheza ultraviolet. KUCHULUKA nyanja organics anayamba amphamvu nsinga maselo amene amalimbana ndi mavuto aakulu cheza ultraviolet. Patapita kusanduka yaitali mpweya mankhwala moyo unachokera. Chiphunzitso cha zamoyo amuzolengedwa anayamba Alekseem Oparinym, Stenli Millerom, John Haldane ndi ena.