Masitayilo chinenero ndi mawu masitaelo. masitaelo chinenero zinchito

Stylesheet Language - ndi mitundu, zimene munthu kapena mbali ina ya moyo chikhalidwe. Onse ali ndi ena zoikamo wamba: cholinga kapena ntchito za nkhaniyi, mawonekedwe amene alipo, ndi mndandanda wa zinthu chinenero.

Lingaliro kwambiri anachokera ku mawu achigiriki "stilos" imene kutanthauza kamtengo kwa kalatayo. Monga chilango sayansi watenga mawonekedwe kalembedwe wa makumi zaka mazana makumi awiri. Mwa anthu amene mokwanira ankafufuza mavuto a stylistics, anali M. V. Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. kusamala kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa munthu masitaelo zinchito D. E. Rosenthal, vv Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina ndi ena.

Zisanu masitayilo kulankhula mu Chirasha

Zinchito chinenero masitaelo - ndi zina mbali ya kulankhula yokha, kapena mitundu yake chikhalidwe, mawu enieni ndi galamala, omwe akufanana ndi kukula ndi kaganizidwe.

Mu Russian, iwo ali kale ogaŵikana mitundu isanu:

• pulayimale;
• boma bizinesi;
• kafukufuku;
• publicist;
• Art.

Mfundo ndi mfundo iliyonse zimadalira nyengo m'mbiri komanso kusintha pa nthawi. Mpaka m'zaka XVII mawu colloquial ndi bookish wosiyana kwambiri. Chirasha anakhala mabuku kokha m'zaka XVIII, zikomo kwakukulukulu khama la M. V. Lomonosova. Modern chinenero kalembedwe anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe nthawi yomweyo.

Kubadwa kwa masitaelo

Mu nthawi yakale panali mpingo mabuku, zikalata malonda ndi mbiri. Chinenero tsiku ndi tsiku wosiyana iwo mwamphamvu zokwanira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zikalata zoweta ndi ntchito ndi zambiri zofanana. M. V. Lomonosov wapanga kusintha zinthu kwambiri khama.

Iye anaika maziko chiphunzitso wakale, kusonyeza mkulu, otsika ndi pakati masitaelo. Malinga ndi iye, Russian chinenero zolembalemba unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha chitukuko anzake a buku mitundu colloquial. Iye anatenga monga maziko mitundu stylistically ndale mawu a mmodzi ndi ena, analola ntchito mawu a anthu kukuchepetsa ntchito pang'ono odziwika ndi yeniyeni Slavonicisms. Ndiyamika M. V. Lomonosovu ndiye alipo masitaelo chinenero sayansi kudzadza.

Kenako, A. S. Pushkin linapereka kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa kalembedwe. ntchito yake anaika maziko a luso kalembedwe.

malamulo Moscow ndi kusintha Petro anali magwero a chinenero-malonda. The m'masiku akale, maulaliki ndi ziphunzitso anapanga maziko a kalembedwe journalistic. Mu Baibulo la zolembalemba, anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe okha m'zaka XVIII. Pakali pano, zonse 5 masitaelo chinenero chokongoletsedwa bwino ndithu ndipo ndi subspecies zawo.

Kukamba banja

Monga dzina lake likunenera, mudzipatsana kulankhula ntchito polankhulana tsiku ndi tsiku. Mosiyana ndi jargon ndi zinenero zina zambiri, izo zachokera lotanthauzira zolembalemba. ukulu - vuto kumene kulibe bwino asapita boma pakati pa zipani. Tsiku lililonse ntchito mawu makamaka ndale ndi mawu (mwachitsanzo, "buluu", "kavalo", "anasiya"). Koma mungagwiritse ntchito mawu olankhulidwa ndi mitundu ( "cloakroom", "kusowa nthawi").

Mkati analankhula ndi subspecies atatu: obihodno-ogula malonda-obihodno ndi epistolary. Dama ndi makalata payekha. Colloquially, malonda - njira kulankhula malo ofunda. masitaelo pulayimale ndi boma chinenero malonda (a phunziro kapena nkhani atha kutumikira ngati chitsanzo china) m'njira zina, subspecies izi lagawidwa pakati pawo, monga akhoza zimachitika, ndipo apo ndi apo.

kulankhulana Mwamwayi amalola ankadziwa, chikondi ndi kuchepetsedwa akuti, komanso mawu ndi suffixes evaluative (mwachitsanzo "domische", "Bunny", "kudzionetsera"). Kukamba kalembedwe Panyumba lowala kwambiri ndi khosi chifukwa cha ntchito phraseology ndi mawu ndi mthunzi maganizo limaonetseratu ( "lochedwa", "blizehonko", "anzake", "achipembedzo", "yubchonka").

Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mabala osiyana - "osagwira", "ambulansi", "condensed mkaka". amalankhula ndi mosavuta kuposa buku - kogwiritsa ntchito ya participles ndi gerunds, multipartite ziganizo zovuta. Ambiri, kalembedwe Izi zikugwirizana zolembalemba, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ali peculiarities yake.

kalembedwe sayansi

Iye, komanso nduna malonda, ndi okhwima kwambiri kusankha mawu ounika zikuchepa itsekeke pang'ono kuchuluka kwa chovomerezeka. kalembedwe Scientific chinenero Russian salola chilankhulo, jargon, mawu colloquial, mawu limodzi ndi zochitika maganizo. Ali dera la sayansi ndi malonda.

Popeza kuti cholinga cha malemba sayansi - kukapereka anapezazo kafukufuku, cholinga mfundo, izo kulamula kuti zikuchokera awo ndi mawu ntchito. Childs, ndondomeko ya ulaliki ndi motere:

• oyamba - mawu vuto, zolinga, nkhani;
• chachikulu gawo - angadziwe ndi kusanja mungachite, kujambula kungoganizira, umboni;
• Pomaliza - yankho ku funso la cholinga.

The mankhwala mu mtundu wanyimbo izi inamangidwa ndi mwanzeru izo anatumikira mitundu iwiri ya mderali: zoona, ndiyeno, ngati wolemba za gulu lawo.

chilankhulo Scientific ukutichititsa ntchito kwambiri mawu, ndi manambala oyambirira wotsutsa-, anka-, quasi-, super- -skeleton suffix, lingaliro, palibe-e (chitetezo, ochititsa kuti, supernova, amangokhala moyo, ophiphiritsa, cloning). Komanso, mawu kulibeko paokha - iwo kupanga zovuta zopezera ubale ndi kachitidwe: kwa onse kwa makamaka, kuchokera wonse mbali, mtundu / mitundu adzadziwire / zotsutsana, ndi zina zotero.

i n'kofunika ngati malemba - Kudziwa ndi olondola. Kudziwa Musakhale kukwiya chinenero, mawu akuti, luso mafanizo, siwoyenera pano kutsogolera nkhaniyo mwa munthu woyamba. Zowona amaganizira mawu. Monga chitsanzo, ndi kagawo m'buku Anatoliya Fomenko, "Njira kusanthula masamu malemba mbiri yakale."

Mlingo wa "Kuvuta" Malemba sayansi zimatengera makamaka pa chandamale omvera ndi cholinga - amene cholinga mankhwala, momwe zinthu zambiri mwina ndi anthu awa, kaya akhale okhoza kumvetsa chimene uli pangozi. Zikuonekeratu kuti kukachitika wotero, monga phunziro sukulu ya chinenero cha Chirasha, kalankhulidwe ndiponso masitaelo akuti muyenera losavuta komanso ndi nkhani pa maphunziro maphunziro awo a kusekondale lidzayenere ndi zovuta terminology sayansi.

Kumene lalikulu masewero ndi zina - mutu (m'chilankhulo cha luso la sayansi malamulo ndi malamulo koposa mu zaumunthu) mtundu wanyimbo.

Mkati kalembedwe imeneyi pali zofunikira okhwima kuti kalembera wa ntchito olembedwa: mbuye ndi digirii mfundozo, monographs, essays.

Substyles zina zabwino ndiponso mawu sayansi

Kuwonjezera pa kafukufuku lenileni kuonetsetsa kwambiri sayansi-maphunziro ndi sayansi-otchuka subgenres. Aliyense ntchito ndi cholinga chapadera ndi kwa omvetsera yeniyeni. masitaelo izi chinenero - zitsanzo za osiyana, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ofanana mu utuluke maonekedwe kulankhulana.

Research ndi Training boma Mitundu - mtundu wa kuwala buku la kalembedwe zofunika, zimene mabuku olembedwa amene tangoyamba kufufuza malo atsopano. Oimira - mabuku sukulu yapamwamba, makoleji sukulu (sekondale), gawo la odzithandiza okha, mabuku ena, anaikira oyamba (hereinafter - ndi kagawo ku zamaganizo buku sukulu yapamwamba: olemba Slastenin V. Isayev AI ndi ena, "Pedagogy Buku .. ").

Scientific-otchuka boma Mitundu - losavuta kumvetsa kuposa ena awiri. cholinga chake - kufotokozera omvera mfundo zovuta ndi njira yosavuta ndi yomveka. mainsaikulopediya Various "101 mfundo za ..." lolembedwa ndi iye.

malonda Official

kwambiri formalized 5 masitaelo Chirasha. Izo ntchito kulankhulana pakati States komanso mabungwe ndi mzake ndi nzika. Ndi njira kulankhulana pakati pa anthu kuntchito, mu mabungwe, mu gawo utumiki, mwa ntchito udindo wawo boma.

Official ntchito kalembedwe amatanthauza m'buku kulemba, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu malemba a malamulo, malangizo zosiyanasiyana ntchito, mphamvu yovomerezedwa ndi zikalata ofanana. Mawonekedwe m'kamwa ntchito zokamba malipoti, kulankhulana chimango ubwenzi ntchito.

Zigawo za kalembedwe boma

Mu gulu ambiri kuzindikiridwa nambala ya kum'mwera Mitundu:

• Zokonza. Ntchito pakamwa ndi kulemba, mu malamulo, malangizo, zikusonyeza, malangizo, makalata ofotokozera, malangizo ndi malangizo, yogawagawa chilichonse pachokhapachokha ndi ntchito ndemanga. Pakamwa zikumveka pa mtsutso aphungu ndi apilo.
• Yuda - alipo m'njira m'kamwa ndi olembedwa, ntchito mitsutso, verdicts, kumangidwa linalamula, zigamulo, apilo, zochita procedural. Komanso akhoza anamva kutsutsana milandu, kukambirana pa phwando nzika "ndi zina zotero. D.
• Administrative - mu kulemba zinthuzo mu madongosolo, malemba, zochita zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi inshuwalansi zosiyanasiyana makalata boma zosiyanasiyana, zopempha, matelegalamu, wamfuna, memoranda, autobiographies malipoti, malisiti, kutumiza zolembedwa. The m'kamwa mawonekedwe a utsogoleri boma Mitundu - malamulo, amagulitsa nsombazo, zokambirana malonda malankhulidwe pa madyerero, amagulitsa nsombazo, misonkhano, etc ...
• Zamtendere. polemba chinenero ichi mu kulemba angapezeke mu mawonekedwe a mapangano, misonkhano mapangano, mapangano, ndondomeko, manotsi. The m'kamwa mawonekedwe - ndi communiqué, memorandums mawu olowa.

Chikalata-ntchito kalembedwe amaika mawu ntchito mwakhama otsutsana ndi mabungwe ndi manauni wapakamwa:

• zochokera ...
• molingana ndi ...
• pamaziko a ...
• chifukwa ...
• chifukwa ...
• chifukwa ...

Only sayansi ndi boma chinenero malonda masitaelo nawo maonekedwe bwino ndi dongosolo. Pankhaniyi, ntchito, CV, memo, ndani khadi, kalata ukwati ndi ena.

Chifukwa kalembedwe amakhala ndi mawu ndale ya nkhani, ndi mwachindunji mawu kuti, ziganizo zovuta, kufupika, conciseness, kusowa payekha. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito terminology wapadera, achidule, mawu wapadera ndi phraseology. Chinthu china otchuka - ndi cliche.

publicistic

chilankhulo masitaelo zinchito ali achirendo kwambiri. Journalistic - yotero. Ndi ntchito TV, mabuku onse ndi magaziniyo, pa nthawi ya ndale, zisudzo milandu. Nthawi zambiri angapezeke mu zitsanzo za wailesi ndi televizioni, nkhani nyuzipepala, magazini, timapepala ta, misonkhano.

Kuwerenga kuti analilembera gulu lonse, kotero apo sichipezeka mawu enieni, ndipo ngati pali iwo amafuna kufotokoza lemba chomwecho. Lilili osati kulankhula ndi kulemba - ndi anapezeka ku kujambula, film, zachiwerewere ndi zithunzi, ed, kochititsa chidwi ndi maonekedwe wapakamwa-nyimbo.

Journalistic kalembedwe a chinenero lili ntchito ziwiri: mauthenga ndi chikoka. Ntchito yoyamba - kuuza anthu mfundo. Chachiwiri - kulenga makhalidwe abwino, zimakhudza maganizo a zochitika. Information ntchito liyenela lipoti deta wodalirika komanso ndi lolondola ndi chidwi osati kwa mwini, komanso wowerenga. Pokhala ngati anazindikira mwa maganizo anuanu a wolemba, mafoni ake kuchitapo kanthu, ndipo njira ulaliki.

Kuwonjezera enieni kalembedwe imeneyi, pali zinenero zambiri mu maonekedwe onse: kulankhula, limaonetseratu ndi zokongoletsa.

ntchito kulankhula

Communication - waukulu ndi vuto ambiri a chinenero, amene kumaonekera m'njira zake zonse ndi masitaelo. Mwamtheradi masitaelo onse a chinenero ndi mawu masitaelo ndi kukambirana ntchito. Utolankhani malemba chomwecho ndi zisudzo ukunenedwa kwa omvera lonse, ndemanga kuzindikira kudzera m'makalata ndi mafoni owerenga, kukambirana gulu, zoyankhulana. Zimenezi zimatanthauza kuti lemba mosapita zosavuta kuti anthu amvetse.

ntchito limaonetseratu

Lemba journalistic kuonekera yakuti wolemba ake, amene anganene maganizo awo kuti zochitika, kugawana maganizo awo. The Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya woyambitsa ndi digiri osiyana ufulu - emotionality ankaikira kapepala kapena nkhani amasonyeza makamu, koma Si mu cholemba nkhani kapena nkhani kumasulidwa.

Mawu ayenera asapitirire malire - m'pofunika kulemekeza malamulo a chikhalidwe kulankhula ndi mawu a akhoza kukhala cholinga yekha.

Ntchito zokongoletsa

Za masitaelo onse 5 a mawu a chinenero cha Chirasha, nchito imeneyi alipo okha awiri. Mu mabuku malemba aesthetics amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya utolankhani udindo wake ndi zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, kuwerenga kapena kumvetsera bwino linapangidwa bwino ndinaganiza, malemba oyenera wokoma kwambiri. Choncho, zofunika kulabadira khalidwe zokongoletsa mu alionse a Mitundu ya.

Mitundu ya utolankhani

Mkati kalembedwe waukulu secrete kwambiri a Mitundu kwambiri ntchito:

• kulankhula makupeka;
• kapepala;
• nkhani;
• malipoti;
• lampoon;
• zokambirana;
• pepala ndi ena.

Aliyense wa iwo ntchito mu zinthu zina: kapepalako monga mawonekedwe a ntchito zaluso ndi journalistic nthawi ukuperekedwa gulu makamaka chodabwitsa chikhalidwe kapena dongosolo la ndale ambiri, lipoti - ndi mwamsanga ndi tsankho uthenga kwa powonekera, nkhani - ndi mtundu wanyimbo zimene wolemba iwo ri zinthu zina, mfundo, ndi Kuwapatsa ziyenera awo ndi kutanthauzira.

art kalembedwe

Onse masitayilo chinenero ndi mawu masitaelo ndi kudzera luso. Zimenezi zikusonyeza maganizo ndi malingaliro a wolemba, zimakhudza m'maganizo wowerenga a. Lidalembedwa zida zonse za masitaelo zina, kusiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa chinenero, yodziwika ndi zithunzi, kutengeka, kulankhula tcheru. Izo ntchito mabuku.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kalembedwe izi aesthetics - apa, monga kuyenera utolankhani, chinthu chofunika.

Pali mitundu inayi ya masitaelo luso:

• epic;
• m'nyimbo;
• Drama;
• pamodzi.

Aliyense wa genera awa ali njira yakeyake mwambo kudzionetsera. Ngati ife kulankhula za epic, padzakhala kukhala makamaka mwatsatanetsatane nkhani za nkhani kapena chochitika pamene wolemba yekha kapena wina wa anthu a mudzamuchitira udindo wa owerenga.

The m'nyimbo Nkhani tikunena kuganiza kuti chochitika kumanzere wolemba. Apa ndi zimene waukulu, zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli lamkati.

Kochititsa njira umaimira nkhani zina kanthu, kusonyeza iye atazunguliridwa ndi zinthu zina komanso zochitika. Chiphunzitso cha genera awa atatu a V. G. Belinskomu. Mu "choyera" mawonekedwe, aliyense wa awa ali osowa. Posachedwapa, anthu ena olemba kudziwa mtundu wina - pamodzi.

Nayenso epic, lyric, njira kutsindika za zochitika ndi nkhani anawagawa Mitundu: nthano, nkhani yochepa nkhani, buku, ode, sewero, ndakatulo, sewero lanthabwala ndi zambiri.

Kalembedwe luso la chinenero ali makhalidwe ake kuti:

• Limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu chuma zinenero masitayilo ena;
• mawonekedwe, kapangidwe, chinenero, zipangizo amasankhidwa motsata mfundo ndi lingaliro la wolemba;
• ntchito ziphiphiritso za malankhulidwe, amene amapereka lemba bwino ndi zosangalatsa;
• zofunika kwambiri ndi ntchito zokongoletsa.

Pali ankagwiritsa ntchito njira (zophiphiritsa fanizo poyerekeza synecdoche) ndi kanjedza stylistic (pofikira epithet, epiphora, hyperbola, metonymy).

Luso fano - kalembedwe - chinenero

Mlembi wa ntchito iliyonse, osati zolembalemba, akusowa njira kukhudzana ndi wowerenga kapena owerenga. Aliyense luso ali ndi njira yake yolankhulira. Apa ndi apo ndi trilogy - ndi luso image, kalembedwe ndi chinenero.

Chithunzi - njira angaperekedwe kwa dziko ndi moyo, anasonyeza mwa chithunzicho ntchito chinenero wawo. Ndi ena ambiri m'gulu la zojambulajambula, mawonekedwe ya kutanthauzira dziko mwa kulenga maofesi azisangalala wogwila.

njira Luso amatchedwanso chodabwitsa chilichonse, kulengedwanso ndi mlembi ntchito. Tanthauzo chaululidwa okha mogwirizana ndi owerenga kapena wowerenga: kuti adzazindikira munthu amaona zimadalira wake zolinga, makhalidwe, boma maganizo, chikhalidwe ndi mfundo imene iye anawuka.

Amafotokozera lachiwiri la wa ku "fano - kalembedwe - chinenero" amatanthauza cholembedwa makamaka achilendo kwa wolemba kapena nyengo ya osakaniza njira ndi njira. Zojambulajambula, pali mfundo zitatu zosiyana - kalembedwe chi (chimakwirira nthawi zakale za nthawi, amene amakhala anali mbali wamba, monga nthawi zamunthawi ya Victoria a), mayiko (pansi kuti amvetse mbali zomwe zimachitikira anthu enieni, mtundu Mwachitsanzo, Japanese kalembedwe) ndipo munthu ( tikulankhula za mmisiri, amene ntchito ndi zinthu zimene si chibadidwe khalidwe Mwachitsanzo, Picasso).

Language zilizonse luso - dongosolo la zida zithunzi cholinga kutumikila zolinga za wolemba kulenga ntchito chida polenga chithunzi luso. Chimathandiza mgwirizano pakati pa Mlengi ndi omvera, limakupatsani "kujambula" chifaniziro ndi zoipitsitsa kwambiri wapadera kalembedwe.

Mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito yolenga ichi njira: kupenta - mtundu, zosemasema - buku nyimbo - intonation, phokoso. Pamodzi iwo apanga magulu utatu - luso image, kalembedwe, chinenero thandizo kuyandikira wolemba ndi kumvetsa bwino iwo analengedwa.

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti ngakhale kusiyana iwo, masitaelo musati kupanga osiyana, kachitidwe kwambiri chatsekedwa. Iwo amatha zonse interpenetrate mnzake: osati ntchito luso la chinenero zikutanthauza masitayilo ena, koma malonda boma lili ndi mfundo zambiri mwagwirizana sayansi (subspecies Yuda ndi malamulo ndi mawu ake pafupi ndi kulanga anthu sayansi).

Business mawu likulowerera amalankhula, ndi mosemphanitsa. Journalistic view wa kulankhula ndi zogwirizana kwambiri pakamwa ndi kulemba ndi kuchuluka kwa olankhulidwa ndi otchuka kalembedwe sayansi.

Komanso zikuchitika a chinenero ayi chinachake khola. Koma kunena kuti ndi zazikulu mgwirizano. Zonse pali mfundo zatsopano, Russian Dictionary wodzilemekeza ndi mawu amene amabwera kuchokera ku zinenero zina.

Kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mawu ndi thandizo la anthu amene alipo. Kukula mofulumira sayansi ndiponso mokangalika kumathandiza kuti patsogolo kwa kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula. Zikhulupiriro zambiri ku munda wa yopeka luso anasamukira ku gulu la mawu ofunda kwambiri, ndi anthu kapena njira zina ndi zochitika. Zikhulupiriro A sayansi m'gulu mawu wamba.