Dissociation ya mchere, zidulo ndi alkalis. Chiphunzitso ndi Mavalidwewa

Pakuti thupi Chemistry ndi sayansi lililonse ndondomeko chonse chimene particulate kanthu - mamolekyulu, ayoni (particles ndithu mlandu otchedwa cations ndi tinthu zoipa mlandu, wotchedwa anions) ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira apasuke mu particles ang'onoang'ono. Zimenezi amatchedwa dissociation, amene ali Latin kuti "dissociation" amatanthauza "kulekanitsidwa." Iwo amakhala ndi zizindikiro monga "digirii ya dissociation", kusonyeza chiŵerengero cha particles dissociated kuti chiwerengero cha particles pamaso kugwa kwa mwachitsanzo, kachigawo wa particles kuti ndisungunuka. The ndondomeko ya azingokhala particles kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zina pa thunthu, chikhalidwe cha zotsatira Mzimuyo mtundu wa dissociation. Kusiyanitsa matenthedwe dissociation, photodissociation, dissociation mchikakamizo cheza ionizing, electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation ndi zosemphana ndi kuyanjana ndi recombination. Zimenezi zambiri kusokonezedwa ndi ionization.

Electrolytic dissociation ndi mtundu wa dissociation, limapezeka mchikakamizo cha mamolekyulu zosungunulira ndi zimbalangondo mankhwala khalidwe. Zinthu zomwe angathe dissociate mu zosungunulira mu ayoni ndi kuchititsa panopa magetsi, wotchedwa electrolyte (asidi, mchere, m'munsi). Zinthu zomwe pamene kusungunuka sichoncho dissociate mu ayoni (alcohols, esters, chakudya, etc.) sali electrolytes. The electrolytes zofunika kwambiri zosungunulira - madzi. Madzi wokha amakhala ngati electrolyte ofooka. solvents kumalo ozizira (mwachitsanzo, Mowa, ammonia ndi asidi acetic) komanso amatha Kutha kwa electrolytes. Dissociation zidulo, alkalis, ngati dissociation salt zimachitika njira amadzimadzi. The salt wa - kalasi ya mankhwala amene mamolekyulu ndi lopangidwa particles ndithu mlandu (zitsulo cations), ndi particles zoipa mlandu (asidi anion zotsalira). Acid Kuwonjezera salt, mosiyana salt ochiritsira zigwirizana mitundu iwiri ya cations (zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen) ndi asidi anion zotsalira. Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi mamolekyulu kuwola ndinso pa ayoni mchere. Mchere angathe kubwezeretsedwanso asanduke nthunzi madzi.

Kusiyanitsa electrolytes amphamvu ndi ofooka. Mu chakale chiphunzitso cha electrolytic dissociation ndondomeko anazindikira ankaona kusintha, koma mawu awa amangonena za electrolytes ofooka njira kuchepetsa. An dissociation electrolytic zidulo, zapansi, salt, ndi ndondomeko sizingasinthe, kuyambira mchere (pafupifupi onse kupatula zina zovuta), zidulo ndi zapansi (amene anapanga ndi zitsulo soda ndi zamchere lapansi) ali electrolytes amphamvu ndi mamolekyulu mu njira ofooka kwathunthu (100 %) dissociated mu ayoni. Amphamvu electrolytes: NaCl (sodium kolorayidi), HNO3 (asidi nitric), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (kashiamu kolorayidi), NaOH (ndi sodium hydroxide). Ofooka electrolytes: NH4OH (hydroxide ammonium), H2CO3 (asidi carbonic), CH3COOH (asidi acetic) ndi ambiri organic zidulo ndi zapansi. Iwo pamene kusungunuka madzi dissociate pang'ono (amangoona, mtengo uwu ranges ku% 1 mpaka 10).

Choncho, mfundo yakuti njira ya electrolyte amphamvu lili ayoni yekha, ndi mu njira ya electrolytes ofooka, makamaka nondecomposed mamolekyulu pa nkhaniyi. Dissociation salt amatsogolera chakuti mu njira uli zitsulo ion ndi zotsalira asidi (mwachitsanzo, sodium Na + cation ndi chlorine anion Cl-) ndi tizidutswa nondecomposed (NaCl) ndi mchere. Dissociation asidi salt kumabweretsa mapangidwe mu njira ya cation zitsulo, cation hydrogen ndi asidi anion zotsalira. Mwachitsanzo, asidi mchere NaHCO3 (ndi sodium bicarbonate) dissociates mu sodium wochuluka cation (Na +), cation wa hydrogen (H) ndi anion wa carbonic zotsalira asidi asidi (SO3-).

Ngati njira (Sungunulani) anaika mu electrolyte electrolytic maselo (chotengera ndi anode ndi cathode), pamene voteji umagwiritsidwa kuyamba kusuntha mbali ya particles mlandu kwa maelekitirodi mlandu zosiyana: cations zabwino - kwa cathode zoipa mlandu, pamene anions zoipa - kwa ndithu mlandu anode. Mundawu wa electrolytes, makamaka dissociation salt amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu luso. electrolysis ikuchitika mafakitale zitsulo zotayidwa, mkuwa (by kuyenga electrolytic). Electrolysis ambabala zinthu chamgwiro oyera moteromo sungagulire mwa njira ina (distillation, crystallization, ndi ena). Ndi electrolysis zitsulo yotengedwa ores, kuyeretsa, kuyambira cathode uyikidwa yekha pa cation zitsulo ndi zosafunika kukhala mu njira kapena kusungunula. Chodabwitsa dissociation salt magwero wobala wa hydrogen koyera ndi chlorine koyera. Mu madzi, sodium kolorayidi ndi linakwiriridwa mu ayoni: cation soda ndi chlorine anion. Pa anode adzakhala allocated chlorine koyera pa cathode - ndi byproduct wa hydrogen, ndi njira ati apange byproduct ina yofunika - hydroxide ndi sodium.