Mafupa kamba: kapangidwe. Kapangidwe kamba kumtunda, red-yachigawo

The zomera za padziko zokwawa wathu, analipo zikwi zisanu. Species awa akuimira magulu angapo kwachilengedwenso. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi detachment wa Kamba. Muli 328 mitundu m'magulu mabanja 14. Nkhaniyi iyankha kapangidwe ka kamba mafupa, komanso mbali kugwirizana ndi madzi ndi moyo lapadziko wa nyama.

Kapangidwe anatomical

Ku dongosolo la moyo mu steppes ndi, m'tsinde mwa Pakistan ndi India, m'chipululu cha Turkmenistan, Syria ndi Libya. Monga nyama zina a m'banja zapoizoni mu kapangidwe ka matupi awo, komanso mu ndondomeko ya moyo mukhoza kupeza angapo idioadaptatsy kwa nyengo youma ndi yotentha. Mwa makina onga zimatulutsa wandiweyani leathery integument, mucous zopangitsa pakalibe, pamaso tentha mthupi mamba ndi kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke. nyumba izi zigwirizana mapulotini fibrillar - keratins. Ntchito yawo ndi kuonjezera mawotchi mphamvu ya integument lapansi.

Popeza akamba Mwachitsanzo steppe, Central Asia, kudya lolimba ndithu chomera zakudya pamutu ali ndi mulomo - ndi mtundu wa njira kuti ali m'mbali lakuthwa mano. Iwo fulu mbali ong'ambika zomera ndi kuuluka zolosera zawo chimauma. Pa mutu ndi maso ili. Iwo okha zaka zitatu: m'munsi, kumtunda ndi lachitatu. Kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a leathery filimu kuphimba diso theka. akamba onse ndi bwino anayamba binocular masomphenya ndi bwino chilengedwe.

fulu mafupa amu

Kuti tiyankhe funso, ngati mafupa a kamba ndi, kumbukirani kuti thupi chokwawa a lagawidwa anatomically m'magulu 4. Amakhala ndi mutu, pakhosi, nthunthu ndi mchira. Taganizirani kapangidwe ka kamba mu chigawo. Choncho, msana wake tichipeza zigawo 5: khomo lachiberekero, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ndi caudal. Mafupa mutu kwathunthu fupa. Iwo chikugwirizana m'khosi mwa awiri makina vertebrae. Okwana kamba 8 khomo lachiberekero vertebrae. Mutu mu kamphindi ngozi nawo mkati chipolopolo chifukwa kukhalapo kwa tizibowo izo. Ground zokwawa ndazindikira otsika phokoso pafupipafupi. Akamba za nyama "chete", monga makodi awo amapilira anatomically bwino anakamba. Choncho, pangani waukulu kapena Chimalira.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya carapace ndi

Kupitiriza kuphunzira mafupa a kamba, lingalirani kumtunda kwa chipolopolo ake. Iwo ali lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi ngati belu pang'ono. Mu akamba koma makamaka mkulu ndi chachikulu, mu madzi - lathyathyathya, streamlined mawonekedwe. Carapace wapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri. Akunja lili keratin mamba - mbale ndi pansi ali kwathunthu Mafupa. Kwa iye angagwirizanitse Arc wa vertebrae wa nthiti lumbar-thoracic ndi. Chekeni kujambula scutes tentha mthupi carapace systematics asayansi ntchito kudziwa chizindikiritso mitundu ya nyama. Ndi chifukwa cha fulu chipolopolo wakhala ndi kukhala nkhani ya nsomba. Kwa izo anapangidwa mafelemu choonetsedwa, milandu, kusamalira mipeni. Carapace ali mipata yambiri, imene nyama retracts mutu, miyendo ndi mchira pa ngozi.

Plastron ndi tanthauzo lake

The mmunsi mwa mthunzi amatchedwa plastron. Pakati pa iye ndi carapace ndi thupi zofewa nyama. Onse amachepetsa ogwirizana ndi fupa zida. Plastron yokha ndilochokera m'dera anatomical kutsogolo ndi nthiti. Zili ngati "soldered" mu thupi la kamba ndi. mitundu lapadziko ndi chachikulu plastron. Ndipo ndi zolengedwa za m'nyanja yafupika ndi mbale chamtanda anakonza pa gawo ventral za thupi. Pa kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke chipolopolo mizere concentric anapanga chifukwa kukula. Malinga ndi iye herpetologists tingadziwire zaka kamba ndi ukupeza ake.

mafupa mabacteria khalidwe la kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo kamba

Mafupa akamba, amene chiwembu chili m'munsimu chikusonyeza mitundu za thupi zokwawa. Iwo amagwira ku msana mafupa kutsogolo lamba: scapula, clavicle, ndi maphunziro khwangwala a. Iwo m'katikati mwa chifuwa. tsamba chikugwirizana m'khola carapace minofu m'malo mwa dongosolo linkawonongeka choyamba. kunsana nthambi lamba imakhala ya obisika, ischial ndi iliac mafupa. Iwo apanga beseni. gawo Caudal tichipeza vertebrae ambiri ang'ono, ndi mafoni kwambiri.

Avilable akamba miyendo

The forelimbs zapoizoni zigwirizana wa phewa, forearm, dzanja, metacarpal ndi phalanges, omwe ndi ofanana ndi mafupa a makalasi ena apadziko inakhala. Komabe, mu dongosolo forelimb fupa pali kusiyana. Mwachitsanzo, fupa tubular wa phewa yochepa, ndipo chiwerengero chawo, kupanga polumikizira, osachepera mu nyama. miyendo yakumbuyo komanso Mbali anatomical. The femur ndi yochepa kwambiri, ndipo chiwerengero chawo yafupika phazi bwino. Izi makamaka noticeable pa akamba: bokosi, ndi red-steppe. Pamene iwo kusuntha pamodzi pansi, mafupa a phalanges ya zala mukuvutika zonse mawotchi katundu. Choncho, kamba mafupa n'kofunika idioadaptation mutsogolo anatengera ake kuti malo okhala.

Red-opindika m'makona sliders: kapangidwe ndi mbali ya moyo

Pakati pa mitundu ina yonse ya nyama ndi otchuka monga wokhalamo kunyumba. Kapangidwe ka red-akamba lililonse mitundu madzi oyera. mutu wake ndi bwino mafoni, lalitali khosi, mthunzi ukufanizidwa ndi carapace wobiriwira ndi plastron chikasu. Chifukwa cha kamba izi mChipangano zheltobryuhoy. miyendo yaitali, yokutidwa ndi scutes tentha mthupi, kutha mu chiombankhanga. Kuthengo iwo kudya tizilombo, moyo wochuluka pamodzi mitsinje, mphutsi ndi nsomba achinyamata ndi algae. Yaikazi mosavuta wosiyana wamwamuna: izo ankawonjezereka ndi wautali, ndipo nsagwada zake m'munsi zikuluzikulu. Zimaswana nyama mu nthawi kuchokera mochedwa February kwa May, kuika mu dzenje mchenga mazira 4 10. akamba Small zimaswa zambiri mu July kapena August.

mitundu lapadziko wa akamba

Gulu la zokwawa umaimiridwa ndi nyama monga kamba Central Asia, kutchulidwa Red Book, Balkan, panterovaya. Pali 40 mitundu. Mafupa kunja kamba ndi - chipolopolo. Iye ndi yaikulu kwambiri, ndi plastron m'mwamba. Nyama okha ali wofooka kwambiri. Chapakati ku Asia fulu pang'ono anakhudzidwa ndi madzi. Mwina kwa nthawi yaitali kupita popanda kudya masamba zokoma kapena zimayambira zomera herbaceous. Popeza nyama kuti azolowere nyengo youma kapena theka steppe, ntchito yake pachaka malamulo okhwima okhudza. Ndi miyezi 2-3, koma mu yotsalayo kamba amathera poluotsepenenii kapena hibernates mu kamakumba una anakumba mu mchenga. Izi zimachitika kawiri pa chaka - m'chilimwe ndiponso m'nyengo yozizira.

Kapangidwe ka kamba dziko amakhala ndi chiwerengero cha zimasintha nawo pa dziko. Izi chachikulu columnar miyendo phalanges amene kwathunthu zinaphatikizidwa, kusiya misomali lotayirira yochepa. thupi yokutidwa ndi mamba tentha mthupi, komanso kuteteza evaporation kwambiri madzi kuonetsetsa kuteteza zimakhala nyama. Choncho, nyama ndiotetezedwa heavy-ntchito mafupa tentha mthupi chipolopolo. Komanso, iwo akhoza m'mbuyo adani lakuthwa ukali phokoso kapena Ndikudzikhuthula mofulumira kwambiri buku chikhodzodzo. Mitundu yonse ya akamba azaka zoposa. Iwo akhoza kukhala 50 180 zaka. Komanso, iwo adzalandira sichisinthasinthanso mkulu ndi kusinthasintha.

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti 228 mitundu ya akamba amafuna chitetezo ndipo pafupi kutha. Mwachitsanzo, mofulumira kucheperachepera malo wobiriwira kamba. Ali ngati chandamale mitundu, monga munthu adya nyama ake. Chifukwa mizinda ndi kuchepetsa dera malo achilengedwe chiwerengero cha nyama yafupika chaka. Patsalanso maganizo ndi nkhani ya kufunika akamba zili m'nyumba anthu, ngakhale iwo zili zinthu mwapadera terrarium. A chiwerengero negligible wa nyama mu ukapolo moyo kwa zaka ake kwachilengedwenso. Ambiri akuphedwa ndi maganizo mbuli ndi lotayirira la munthu.